37 V' S * DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 




BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 188. 



B. T. GALLOWAY, Clve.f of Bureat 



DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL 
AND EVAPORATION. 



LYMAN J. BRIGGS, 
Physicist in Charge of Physical Investigations, 

I i - ' %' AND ~; — 

J. O. BELZ, 
Assistant in Physical Investigations. 



Issued November 5, 1910. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1910. 



Glass 
Book 



3£A 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY — BULLETIN NO. 188. 

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. 



DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL 
AND EVAPORATION. 

BY 

LYMAN J. BRIGGS, 
Physicist in Charge of Physical Investigations, 

AND 

J. O. BELZ, 
Assistant in Physical Investigations. 



Issued November 5, 1910. 




WASHINGTON: 
government printing office, 
1910, 

V 



BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 



Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. 
Assistant Chief of Bureau, G. Harold Powell. 
Editor, J. E. Rockwell. 
Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. 



Physical Investigations. 



SCIENTIFIC STAFF. 

Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. 
J. O. Belz, Assistant. 

J. W. McLane and Julia R. Pearce, Laboratory Assistants. 



D. OF 0. 

NOV S3 »910 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Plant Industry, 

Office of Chief of Bureau, 
Washington, D. C, June 9, 1910. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for 
publication as Bulletin No. 188 of the series of this Bureau the 
accompanying manuscript, entitled "Dry Farming in Kelation to 
Rainfall and Evaporation," by Dr. L. J. Briggs and Mr. J. O. Belz, 
of the Office of Physical Investigations of this Bureau. 

This manuscript has been prepared for the guidance of prospective 
settlers in regions of limited rainfall, and contains a discussion of the 
relation of the quantity and character of the rainfall and of the 
evaporation to crop production under dry-farming methods in vari- 
ous sections of the Western States. Tables showing the normal 
rainfall for these States have also been compiled from the numerous 
publications of the Weather Bureau, and are appended for the con- 
venience of prospective settlers. The writers desire to express their 
obligations to the United States Weather Bureau, and particu- 
larly to Mr. P. C. Day, of the Climatological Division, for assistance 
in the preparation of these tables. The illustrations, 24 in number, 
consisting mainly of state rainfall maps, have been specially pre- 
pared by the writers in order that the distribution of the rainfall in 
each State may be more readily understood. 
Respectfully, 

G. H. Powell, 
Acting Chief of Bureau. 

Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 



Introduction 7 

Classification of dry-farming regions 8 

Importance of knowing the normal rainfall 8 

Many rainfall stations necessary on account of local variations in rainfall 9 

The distribution of the annual rainfall in dry -farming regions 10 

Comparison of the monthly distribution of rainfall in the Great Plains, Inter- 
mountain, and Pacific coast regions : 12 

The relation of monthly distribution of rainfall to farm practice 13 

The relation of the character of rainfall to its usefulness 14 

Run-off during torrential rains 15 

Hail 16 

Evaporation in dry-farming sections 16 

Evaporation as influencing agriculture in the Great Plains 20 

Relation of yield to rainfall 23 

Relation of yield to rainfall in the Great Basin 23 

Minimum rainfall necessary for wheat production in the Columbia Basin. . 24 

Relation of yield to rainfall in the Great Plains 25 

Yield in relation to rainfall in southern Texas 30 

The three years' record at San Antonio 30 

Summer tillage at San Antonio 31 

Normal precipitation of the western United States 32 

Index 67 

188 5 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PLATE. 

Plate I. The instrument inclosure at the Hays Experiment Farm, Hays, 



Page. 



TEXT FIGURES. 

Fig. 1. Chart showing the distribution of the annual rainfall in the dry- 
farming sections of the United States 10 

2. Chart showing the monthly distribution of the rainfall at representa- 

tive stations in the Great Plains, Intermountain, and Pacific coast 

regions 12 

3. Chart showing the average monthly precipitation at different points 

in the western United States 14 

4. Chart showing the evaporation in inches during the six summer 

months from April to September, inclusive, for various points in 

the United States 17 

5. Outline map of the States in the Great Plains region, showing the lines 

of equal rainfall and lines of equivalent rainfall 22 

6. Rainfall map of Arizona 33 

7. Rainfall map of California 34 

8. Rainfall map of Colorado 35 

9. Rainfall map of Idaho 36 

10. Rainfall map of Kansas 37 

11. Rainfall map of Montana 37 

12. Rainfall map of Nebraska 38 

13. Rainfall map of Nevada 38 

14. Rainfall map of New Mexico 39 

15. Rainfall map of North Dakota 40 

16. Rainfall map of Oklahoma 40 

17. Rainfall map of Oregon 41 

18. Rainfall map of South Dakota 41 

19. Rainfall map of Texas, western part 42 

20. Rainfall map of Texas, eastern part - 43 

21. Rainfall map of Utah 44 

22. Rainfall map of Washington 45 

23. Rainfall map of , Wyoming 45 

188 

6 -: 



B. P. I.— 586. 

DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL 
AND EVAPORATION. 



INTRODUCTION. 

This bulletin contains a discussion of dry farming in relation to 
the amount and character of the rainfall and evaporation in the 
western United States. Usually in discussing dry-farming conditions 
the annual precipitation is the only feature of the rainfall that receives 
attention. But there are other factors in connection with the rain- 
fall that have much to do with the successful production of crops. 
The seasonal distribution of the rain, the rate at which the rain falls, 
and the amount of rain that is lost through run-off from the surface 
all have an important part in determining the percentage of the total 
rainfall that is really available for the use of crops. Finally, the 
amount of evaporation which takes place during the growing season 
determines to some extent the amount of rain that is needed to pro- 
duce a crop, and this varies greatly in different localities. Prospec- 
tive settlers in these regions are apt to give very little attention to 
climatic features other than the total rainfall. They often do not 
even assure themselves that the figures given for a region represent 
the normal rainfall and not simply the rainfall for a single year. 
They ignore almost completely the seasonal distribution of the rain, 
the frequency of torrential rains, the loss of water through surface 
run-off, the occurrence of hail, and the amount of evaporation. It is 
the object of this paper to bring the importance of these factors to the 
attention of prospective settlers in regions of limited rainfall. 

Tables are also appended showing the normal rainfall for prac- 
tically every station in these regions where precipitation records are 
available. Accurate information regarding, the precipitation in 
many sections of the West is now available as the result of the 
extended observations of the United States Weather Bureau. These 
records, which are often complete for many years and so become of 
great value to the prospective settler, have been used in computing 
the rainfall tables which are given in the concluding pages of this 
bulletin. The precipitation tables are also supplemented by state 
maps which show at a glance the distribution of the rainfall in the 
State. Lines showing points of equal annual rainfall have been 

188 7 



8 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 

drawn on these maps where sufficient observations were available. 
Maps of this kind have not before been available for these Western 
States. 

CLASSIFICATION OF DRY-FARMING REGIONS. 

Dry-farming regions are naturally classified on the basis of rain- 
fall. In this country dry farming is usually considered to be con- 
fined to those regions in which the annual rainfall is less than 20 
inches and more than 10 inches. This classification must be con- 
sidered as only a rough approximation, since dry-farming districts 
can not be outlined on the basis of the annual rainfall alone on account 
of the great influence of the evaporation and the monthly distribution 
of the rain in growing dry-farm crops. Furthermore, it is impossible 
to say just where ordinary methods of farming leave off and dr}^- 
farming methods begin. Dry-farming methods are usually under- 
stood to mean those which lead to the conservation of moisture, but 
the conception of what these methods actually are varies greatly in 
different sections of the country. The dry farmer in the Great Plains, 
where the rainfall is from 15 to 20 inches, usually gets his best results 
with annual cropping methods combined with good tillage. On the 
other hand, the dry farmers in that part of the Great Basin where the 
rainfall is less than 15 inches follow the method of alternate cropping 
and summer tillage almost exclusively. Between these two classes 
there is a third operating under conditions where summer tillage may 
be necessary to insure returns on every crop, but where it frequently 
pays to take chances on producing a crop on the land each year. 

The method of alternate cropping and summer tillage is gener- 
ally recognized as the most highly developed dry-farming method 
because it gives better returns with a lower annual rainfall than other 
methods. There are considerable areas in central Utah that are cul- 
tivated in this way where the annual rainfall does not exceed 13 inches. 
It must be remembered, however, that this is a region of winter rain- 
fall, and that the method of alternate cropping and summer tillage 
is particularly adapted for such regions, as we shall show later. 
Therefore, while the method of alternate cropping and summer fallow- 
ing is recognized as the most highly developed dry-farming method, 
it does not follow that it is the best method for all dry-farming 
regions or that it will always give the best returns. In dry-farming 
sections where the rainfall is not so limited as in Utah, and espe- 
cially in regions having a summer rainfall, other methods give as 
good or better returns. 

IMPORTANCE OF KNOWING THE NORMAL RAINFALL. 

The rainfall in all parts of the United States is subject to wide 
fluctuations from year to year. The West does not appear to be 
more subject to these changes than the East, but the fluctuations 

188 



MANY RAINFALL. STATIONS NECESSARY. 



9 



are felt more by the dry farmers because they are working upon a 
closer margin. Crops in the East are often lost through drought and 
not infrequently under conditions where the up-to-date dry farmer 
would have produced a good crop. On account, then, of the fluc- 
tuations in rainfall in any locality from year to year, it is necessary 
in judging the rainfall of a region to know the average annual rainfall, 
or, as it is called, the normal rainfall. This is the only safe basis 
upon which the rainfall of any region can be judged, and the longer 
the records the greater is the dependence that can be placed upon 
the normal. While two years' or three years' observations are safer 
than a single year's records, it is not uncommon for two or three wet 
years or for two or three dry years to follow one another in succession, 
so that the yearly rainfall obtained at such times would be too high 
or too low. Records for at least five years, and preferably for ten 
years, are necessary to obtain the normal rainfall of a region, and 
the longer the records the more reliable will be the result obtained. 

MANY RAINFALL STATIONS NECESSARY ON ACCOUNT OF LOCAL 
VARIATIONS IN RAINFALL. 

In studying the rainfall of a region too much dependence must not 
be placed upon the records of a single station, especially if this station 
is located in a mountainous region. Under such conditions marked 
differences in the annual rainfall are often found between stations 
located on the highlands and those in the valleys. The cooling of 
the moisture-laden air through expansion as it rises over a range of 
hills causes precipitation, so that the windward sides of mountains 
have a greater rainfall than the leeward sides. This is well illustrated 
in the very heavy rains which occur all along the west slope of the 
Cascade Range in Washington, Oregon, and northern California, 
while the rainfall on the east side is very much less. (See the rain- 
fall maps for Washington, fig. 22, and Oregon, fig. 17; also the chart 
shown as fig. 1.) This is also well illustrated in Riverside and San 
Bernardino counties in southern California (see map, fig. 7), where 
a great change in rainfall occurs as we go eastward a few miles. 

These sudden changes in normal rainfall are not, however, confined 
to the mountainous regions; marked instances of this kind occur in 
the Great Plains, where changes in elevation are comparatively slight. 
For example, the rainfall in the district around Aberdeen, in Brown 
County, S. Dak., is nearly 5 inches above that of the surrounding 
sections. (See the South Dakota rainfall map, fig. 18.) This differ- 
ence is based upon observations extending over twenty years oi 
more; and the effect upon the crops has been so marked that the 
farmers generally recognize that good crops may be found in this 
section when the surrounding regions are suffering from drought. 
It is important, then, to have as many rainfall stations as possible 
in order to measure accurately the annual precipitation. 

188 



10 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE ANNUAL RAINFALL IN DRY-FARMING 

REGIONS. 

The accompanying chart (fig. 1) shows the annual rainfall in the 
western United States, and has been prepared by the writers with 
particular reference to dry-farming regions. a The region repre- 




Fig. 1.— Chart showing the distribution of the annual rainfall in the dry-farming sections of the United 

States. 



sented in the chart has been divided into zones, the boundaries of the 
zones being represented by lines along which the rainfall is uniform. 
For example, the heavy curved line marked 20, starting in the north- 

a This chart is based upon the state rainfall maps (see pp. 33 to 45), which include 
the available rainfall records of the Weather Bureau to January, 1910. 

188 



DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL RAINFALL. 



11 



eastern corner of North Dakota and passing southward through 
central South Dakota, central Nebraska, western Kansas, and the 
Panhandle of Texas, passes through points in these States where the 
normal annual rainfall is 20 inches. The average annual rainfall of 
the country lying to the east of this line is in general more than 20 
inches and to the west of this line less than 20 inches. This line, 
representing points having a normal annual rainfall of 20 inches, is 
about 4° of longitude, or approximately 200 miles, farther west 
in Texas than in North Dakota. 

The line representing an average annual rainfall of 15 inches ex- 
tends west in North Dakota nearly to the western boundary, then 
bends eastward and passes through the center of South Dakota, then 
runs westward through the southwestern corner of Wyoming, and 
making a detour in the mountainous region of Colorado passes 
through the eastern part of that State and southward through the 
central portion of New Mexico. The country lying between this 
line of 15 inches annual rainfall and the line of 20 inches annual 
rainfall to the east has, then, an annual rainfall of 15 to 20 inches, 
the rainfall becoming greater as the 20-inch line is approached. A 
second region in which the annual rainfall is between 15 inches and 
20 inches is shown in central Montana and northwestern Wyoming. 
A third region having this rainfall is to be found in northwestern 
Wyoming and central Idaho and northeastern Oregon. Similar 
areas exist in northern Utah, in the mountainous part of Arizona, 
and in northeastern California. 

The line representing 10 inches of annual rainfall passes north 
and west through the central part of California and through extreme 
western Nevada, southeastern Oregon, and western Idaho, then 
bends sharply southward, making a great loop in the State of Utah, 
then runs through southwestern Wyoming, extreme western and 
southwestern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, and northern 
and western Arizona. The unshaded area lying within this boundary 
has an annual rainfall of less than 10 inches. This area as a whole 
has not sufficient rainfall to make dry farming profitable, as it is 
carried on at the present time. The conditions are much more 
severe in the southern part of this area, owing to the higher evapora- 
tion. It is possible that grain may eventually be produced along 
the extreme northern border, particularly where other conditions are 
especially favorable. 

In southern Washington a second region is to be found in which 
the annual rainfall is less than 10 inches. The evaporation in this 
region is much lower than in the sections just mentioned. It has 
been found possible to produce wheat successfully within the borders 
of this region on an annual rainfall of about 9 inches, using the 
method of alternate cropping and summer tillage. 

18S 



12 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Those areas which are included between the 10-inch and 20-inch 
lines of annual rainfall serve, then, to represent in a general way the 
dry-farming areas of the United States so far as they may be denned 
through rainfall. It must be constantly borne in mind, however, 
that conditions are more severe in the southern part of the region 
than in the northern part, owing to the high temperature and greater 
evaporation; so that regions having the same rainfall are by no 
means equally well adapted to the production of crops. 

COMPARISON OF THE MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL IN 
THE GREAT PLAINS, INTERMOUNTAIN, AND PACIFIC COAST 
REGIONS. 

The monthly distribution of the rainfall in the western United 
States can be divided roughly into three types — the summer rainfall 



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Fig. 2.— Chart showing the monthly distribution of the rainfall at representative stations in the Great 
Plains, Intermountain, and Pacific coast regions. The length of the black lines in each diagram rep- 
resents the monthly precipitation at that place, beginning with January on the left. The scale in 
inches given on the right of each diagram can be used to find the actual amount of the monthly rainfall. 
For example, the average monthly rainfall at Bismarck, N. Dak., for June is seen to be inches, while 
for July it is only a little more than 2 inches. It will be noted that in the Pacific coast region the rain 
comes principally during the first and last months of the year, that is, in the winter, while in the Great 
Plains the rain comes principally during the middle of the year, that is, in the summer months. 

of the Great Plains, the winter and spring rainfall of the Inter- 
mountain district, and the winter rainfall of the Pacific coast region. 
These three types are illustrated in figure 2, which shows the monthly 
rainfall for three stations in each of these regions. It will be noted 
that for Bismarck, N. Dak., North Platte, Nebr., and Amarillo, Tex., 
which are typical Great Plains stations, the rain occurs principally 
during the months of June, July, and August, and that the winter 

188 



KELATION OF MONTHLY RAINFALL TO FAEM PKACTICE. 13 

months are very dry. In fact, about three-fourths of the total rain- 
fall of the year at these stations occurs during the six summer months, 
from April to September, inclusive u 

In the Pacific coast region, on the other hand, the rainfall occurs 
almost entirely during the winter months, and it will be seen from 
the chart that the summer months are very dry. The rainfall dis- 
tribution in the Pacific coast region is, then, exactly opposite to 
that found in the Great Plains. In the Intermountain region the 
maximum precipitation occurs during the late winter and spring 
months. Thus there is here a distribution intermediate between 
that of the winter precipitation of the Pacific slope and the summer 
precipitation of the Great Plains. 

The monthly distribution of the rainfall over the western portion of 
the United States is presented diagrammatically on the map shown 
as figure 1, which has been adapted from Bulletin N of the United 
States Weather Bureau. The change from a summer rainfall in the 
Great Plains to a winter rainfall on the Pacific coast is very marked, 
and the intermediate types are shown in the intervening country. 
In Arizona we find that the rainfall is divided into two periods during 
a year, a rainy season occurring during the winter months and a 
second rainy season in July and August, the latter being the greater. 

THE RELATION OF MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL TO 

FARM PRACTICE. 

In regions where the annual rainfall is low the monthly distribu- 
tion of the rainfall determines to a large extent the farm practice of 
the region. A comparison of the systems of dry farming employed 
in the Great Basin and in the Great Plains will make this clear. In 
Utah and in a large part of the Great Basin country the precipitation 
comes largely in the winter and early spring. In consequence, spring 
wheat is not a successful crop in this region for two reasons: (1) The 
land can not be fitted for sowing until late in the season, owing to the 
spring rains, and (2) the driest part of the season occurs just when 
the spring- wheat crop would be maturing. On the other hand, the 
conditions in this region are almost ideal for growing winter wheat 
on summer- tilled land. The land is plowed in the fall so as to be 
left in the best condition for holding the snow and the winter and 
spring rains. It is then kept well tilled during the summer and con- 
tains sufficient moisture to start the crop in the fall. If a fall rain 
occurs about seeding time conditions are especially favorable. The 
fall-sown crop is then able to take advantage of the winter and spring 
precipitation and matures before the driest part of the season is 
reached. Clean summer fallowing (summer tillage) is considered 
absolutely necessary in this region in order to be sure of a successful 

188 



14 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 

crop on account of the low rainfall in the autumn months and for 
the purpose of supplementing the low annual rainfalls 

In the Great Plains the monthly distribution of the rainfall is 
quite different from that of the Intermountain region, the greatest 
monthly rainfall occurring in June, July, and August. Summer till- 
age for moisture conservation is not so well adapted to this region. 
The frequent rains during the summer months repeatedly pack the 
surface mulch on the summer- tilled land. This requires frequent 
cultivation in order to avoid the loss of water by evaporation, and so 
increases the expense of maintaining the mulch. Owing to the high 
evaporation in the Great Plains during the summer months, very 
little water will be stored in the summer-fallowed land unless the 
mulch is carefully kept up by thorough cultivation after every rain. 
The higher annual precipitation in the Great Plains and the increased 
cost of maintaining a good mulch on summer-tilled land have thus 
combined to make summer fallowing in this region much less popu- 
lar than in the Great Basin country. Furthermore, the blowing of 
the dry surface mulch of the summer fallow sometimes becomes very 
serious in the Great Plains owing to high winds. 

For the above reasons annual cropping is largely used in preference 
to summer tillage in the Great Plains, although in some parts of the 
area summer-tillage methods are considered necessary to insure 
sufficient moisture, even at the cost of the increased labor necessary 
to maintain the surface mulch. Spring grains are generally used 
under the annual cropping method, since the crop escapes the dry 
fall and winter, and the land, having been recently worked, is in the 
best condition to absorb the summer rainfall. The shade of the 
growing crop partially protects the ground from excessive loss of 
water by evaporation, while the small summer showers that are use- 
less on summer- tilled land always help the growing crop. Thus we 
have a radically different system of farm practice in the Great Plains 
from that found in the Intermountain country, owing in part to the 
difference in the distribution of the monthly rainfall of the two 
regions and in part to the greater rainfall in the Great Plains. 

THE RELATION OF THE CHARACTER OF RAINFALL TO ITS USE- 
FULNESS. 

The way in which the rain comes has a great deal to do with its 
usefulness. Summer-fallowing methods, for example, are not well 
adapted to regions in which the rainfall comes largely in the form of 
little showers from one-tenth to one-half inch. Rains of this kind 
penetrate the soil only a few inches, and the water is practically all 

a See "Arid Farming in Utah," by Widtsoe and Merrill, Bulletin 91, Utah Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station; also "Dry Farming in the Great Basin," by C. S. Scofield, 
Bulletin 103, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
J88 




Fig. 3-Chart Showing the Average Monthly Precipitation at Different Points in the Western United States. The Length of the Black Lines 
in the Little Diagrams on the Map Shows the Monthly Precipitation, Beginning with January on the Left. A Scale in Inches is Given on the 
Right of Each Little Diagram. 

62102-10. (Face p. 14.) 



RUN-OFF DURING TORRENTIAL RAINS. 



15 



lost through subsequent evaporation even when the surface of the soil 
is cultivated after the rain, since the rainfall does not penetrate below 
the depth of the mulch. These small rains are, however, usually 
sufficient to pack the mulch and form a surface crust, which must be 
broken by cultivation as soon as possible; otherwise, evaporation will 
go on so rapidly from the surface of the soil that far more moisture 
will be lost than was gained through the rain. At North Platte, 
Nebr., during the month of August, 1908, the total rainfall was 1.9 
inches, which came in the form of nine showers. None of these rains 
was sufficient to wet thoroughly the mulch on the summer fallow 
and all were useless so far as storing water in the soil was concerned, 
and yet they necessitated a good deal of work in order to keep the 
mulch in good condition. Such rains are, of course, useful to grow- 
ing crops that cover the ground, but for storing water in the soil 
showers of one-half inch or more are necessary. 

RUN-OFF DURING TORRENTIAL RAINS. 

If the rainfall is of a torrential character, the rain falling at the 
rate of an inch or more per hour, the loss through run-off becomes 
very serious. These torrential rains occur occasionally in all parts 
of the West. The records of the Weather Bureau show that they 
occur more frequently in the southern part of the region. It is impor- 
tant for the dry farmer to study the best methods of handling his 
land so as to absorb as much of these torrential rains as possible. 
Our recent fleldwork has shown that even on summer-fallowed land 
provided with a good mulch the loss through run-off during a torrential 
rain may be very great. 

Measurements made by Mr. F. D. Farrell at the Nephi substation, 
Utah, in 1908, showed that during a heavy rain of 2.5 inches in four 
hours summer-tilled land absorbed only 0.5 inch of water, while 
near-by wheat stubble land, which was very dry and contained many 
surface cracks, absorbed 1.5 inches. In other words, the run-off on 
the summer-tilled land was 80 per cent of the total water falling, 
while the loss on the stubble was 40 per cent. The high loss on the 
summer- tilled land was probably due to the driving rain, which packed 
the fine surface soil so that it would not absorb the water freely. 
Similar measurements by one of the writers (Belz) at the experiment 
farm of the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations, at Dalhart, 
Tex., in 1909, showed that during a torrential rain of 2 inches the run- 
off from cultivated plats was from 20 to 60 per cent of the total rain 
falling. In another instance, with a rainfall of 1.1 inches, the average 
loss through run-off from seven cultivated plats amounted to 35 per 
cent of the total rainfall. All of these measurements were made on 
practically level land. 

!8§ 



16 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



These results indicate that a fine surface mulch on summer-tilled 
land, while ideal in preventing evaporation, packs during a torrential 
rain and so fails to absorb the water freery. A rough, uneven, lumpy 
surface, including stubble, with finer soil beneath, is preferable under 
such conditions to a fine surface mulch. The rough surface material, 
combined with the finer soil below, still makes an effective mulch. 
During windy, dry weather, the rough, lumpy surface will protect 
the soil from blowing. During a torrential rain the rough sur- 
face will tend to prevent the soil from washing, and by holding the 
water to some extent will make the soil below absorb more. The 
treatment of the land so as to absorb all of the rain that falls is a 
matter of great importance to the dry farmer. This subject is now 
being given special attention at the experimental farms of the Office 
of Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations." 

HAIL. 

» 

Hail is one form of precipitation that is the dread of every dry 
farmer. Hailstorms are likely to occur in almost am- portion of the 
Great Plains during the summer months and frequently do great 
damage to standing grain. These storms take place somewhat more 
frequently in the southern parts of the area, and in some districts 
seem to occur more often along the river courses and valleys than 
upon the table-lands. They do occur, however, on the table-lands 
and divides, and their path is generally narrow and very sharply 
defined, the hail sometimes completely destroying standing grain in 
part of a field and leaving the remainder uninjured. About the only 
precaution that the prospective settler can take is to try to avoid 
locating in regions which are known to be in the track of such storms. 
The grain should also be cut at the earliest possible date. Other- 
wise, the dry farmer must take his chances upon the occurrence of 
hail just as he must upon the occurrence of unusually dry weather. 
Many new settlers who feel that they can not afford to risk the loss 
of their crop insure against hail just as they insure against loss by 
fire. Established fanners as a rule find that it pays to carry their 
own insurance. 

EVAPORATION IN DRY-FARMING SECTIONS. 

The rate at which evaporation takes place in any given region has 
a marked influence upon the quantity of rainfall necessary for suc- 
cessful dry farming. The accompanying map (fig. 4) shows the 
evaporation taking place from a freely exposed water surface during 
the six summer months in different parts of the United States. The 

"See article entitled "Dry-Land Farming in the Great Plains Area," by E. C. 
Chilcott, Yearbook of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1907. 
188 



EVAPORATION IN DRY-FARMING SECTIONS. 



17 



figures on the chart represent the total evaporation in inches from 
April to September, inclusive. 

The circles represent stations where dry-farming experiments are 
being conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry. The figures for 
these stations can be compared directly, since they have all been 
obtained from tanks exposed in the same way. Most of these tanks 
are 8 feet in diameter and 2 feet deep, and are sunk in the ground so 
that the top of the tank is 4 inches above the surface of the ground. 
(See PI. I, frontispiece.) The water level is kept about 4 inches 
from the top of the tank. The amount of water that has to be added 
to keep the water at this height, together with the rain that falls 
into the tank, gives the total evaporation for any required time. 




Fig. 4.— Chart showing the evaporation in inches during the six summer months from April to September, 
inclusive, for various points in the United States. The circles show stations where evaporation measure- 
ments are being made in connection with the field experiments of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The 
evaporation at these stations is measured in the same way and can be directly compared. 



Three years' records have been obtained for some of these stations, 
and there is little change in the evaporation from year to year. 
These figures representing the evaporation for equal periods then 
become very useful in comparing the conditions in different sections 
of the country from a dry-farming standpoint. 

Table I presents the results from which the accompanying map (fig. 
4) was prepared and shows the total evaporation which took place 
from tanks during the six months from April to September, inclusive, 
for a number of points in the United States. The figures have been 
obtained from widely scattered sources, and the measurements were 
made with tanks of different sizes and exposed in different ways. 
52102°— Bui. 188—10 2 



18 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



All of the results are not, therefore, directly comparable. The meas- 
urements at stations printed in heavy-faced type have been made 
as a part of the physical investigations carried on at the dry-farming 
stations of the Bureau of Plant Industry and can be directly com- 
pared. 

Table I. — Evaporation from a tank during the six summer months from April to 
September, inclusive, at various points in the United States. 

[The figures given represent the total number of inches evaporated during this period.] 



State. 



City or town. 



Num- 
ber of 
years. 



Date. 



Evapora- 
tion. 



Tucson. 
Yuma. . 



California. 



Calexico 

Kingsburg Bridge. 

Lakeport 

Lake Tahoe 



Colorado. 



Kansas 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan 



Montana. 
Nebraska. 



Nevada. 



Pomona 

Sweetwater 

Tulare 

Akron 

Fort Collins 

Grand Valley 

Rocky Ford 

Hays". 

Garden City 

Boston: 

Beacon Hill... 

Chestnut Hill. 

Detroit 

Monroe 

Thunder Bay 

Judith Basin 

Lincoln 

North Platte 

Fallon 

Reno 



1892-3-4 

1903 

1904 

1907 

1903-4 

1882-3-4-5 

1901,1902 

1900 

1901 

1903-4.. 

1889-90-91-92, 1897.... 

1903-4 

1908 to 1909, inclusive. 

1887 to 1902 

1901 

1901 

1907 to 1909, inclusive. 

1908 to 1909, inclusive. 



&57.8 
C53.9 
56.4 



<7 20.7 
h 21. 6 



New Jersey. . 
New Mexico . 



New Brunswick. 



New York 

North Dakota. 



Carlsbad . . . 
Las Cruces . 
Rochester.. 
Dickinson. 
Edgeley. . . 
Williston. 



1861 to 1864, inclusive 

1863 to 1867, inclusive 

1862 to 1865, inclusive 

1909 

1899 to 1909, inclusive 

1907 to 1909, inclusive 

1908 to 1909, inclusive 

1894 «37.5 

1900 ?42.3 

1900- 1901 *29.1 

1901- 2 *29.9 

1899 

1899, 1900, 1901 



1907 to 1909, inclusive. 
1907 to 1909, inclusive. 
1909 



Estimated from 5 months' record. 
». 26. 



a 54.2 

56.0 

d 71. 8 
e49. 2 
Z25.3 
21.1 

£2 44.4 

1 39. 
d 56. 6 

45 
j 29. 3 
A 36. 5 

2 61.6 
45.2 
59.9 

m25.8 
«28.6 
o32.1 
o30.9 
o30.2 
32.6 
P34.8 
41.3 
51.0 

39.9 

29=5 
«54.6 

«26.7 
31.4 
29.8 
30.0 



a Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 27. 
b Engineering News, vol. 51, p. 248. 
c Water-Supply Papers, No. 133, p. 32. 
d Engineering Record, vol. 51, p. 430. 
e Water-Supply Papers, No. 81, p. 27. 
/Idem, p. 32. 
0ldem, p. 21. 

h First Annual Report Reclamation Service, 1902, p. 230. 
2 Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 45, 
j Fifteenth Annual Report Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 205. 
A Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1901, p. 284. 
I Idem, p. 31. 

m Transactions American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 15, p. 606 (1888 omitted, the records for that year 
not being complete). 
« Idem, p. 618. 

o Report Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 1868, p. 978iMay 4 to October 5). 

V Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. Data furnished by Prol. E G. Montgomery. 

q Water-Supply Papers, No. 81, p. 22 (May 11 to October 30). 

r Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1900, p. 151 (May 4 to October 24). 
* Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1901 , p. 353 (April 4 to November 30). 
t Report Irrigation investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1902, p. 247. 
"Idem, p. 31 (May 1 to November 11). 

v New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 59, p. 43. 
to Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 45, p. 27. 

188 



EVAPOEATION IN DRY-FARMING SECTIONS. 



19 



Table I. — Evaporation from a tank during the six summer months from April to 
September, inclusive, at various points in the United States — Continued. 



State. 



Ohio 

South Dakota. 

Texas 



Utah 



Washington 
Wisconsin. . 



Wyoming. 



a Report Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 1808, p. 978. 

b Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1901, p. 31 (May 18 to November 9). 
(The records for Prosser are for 1900, May 9 to October 29, and 1901, April 22 to October 28.) 
c Water-Supply Papers, No. 7, p. 20. 
dUtah Agricultural College Bulletin 80, 1901, p. 77. 
e Report Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army. 1868, p. 978. 

/Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1901, p. 335 (estimated from 3 months' 
records). 

g Report Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, 1902, p. 232 (estimated from 4 months' 
records). 

A For records 1893 to 1898, inclusive, see Water-Supply Papers, No. 81, p. 21. 

1893 37.1 inches (estimated from records April 24 to September 30). 

1894 38.5 inches (estimated from records April 26 to September 30). 

1895 37.1 inches (estimated from records April 17 to September 30). 

1896 40.5 inches (estimated from records June 1 to September 30). 

1897 42.0 inches (estimated from records April 24 to September 30). 

1898 42.3 inches (estimated from records April 15 to September 30). 

For records ol 1901, see Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 52, p. 50. 

1901 38.2 (estimated from records May 9 to September 30). 

The rate of evaporation from a wet soil surface is about the same 
as from a freely exposed water surface in a tank. a Consequently, if 
the surface of the soil were kept constantly wet the evaporation from 
the soil would be approximately equal to that found by means of the 
tank. The fact that we find the evaporation as measured by the 
tank to be so much greater than the rainfall shows how efficient our 
methods of cultivation must be in order that we may have any water 
at all left for the use of the crop. In a region having an evaporation 
during the six summer months of 45 inches and a rainfall of 18 inches, 
most of which occurs during the summer, we are able through culti- 
vation to cut the evaporation from the soil down to approximately 

a This statement must, of course, be, considered as only approximate. Very wet, 
dark-colored soils fre ?ly exposed in the sun will usually lose water by evaporation 
more rapidly than a free water surface, since the dark soil surface absorbs a larger pro- 
portion of the energy frjm the sun than the free water surface does. The evaporation 
from light-colored soils when wet agrees more closely with that taking place from a 
free water surface of equal area. As the soils dry out the rate of evaporation gradu- 
ally decreases. This shows the advantage in using a clean, freely exposed water sur- 
face in measuring evaporation, which avoids the errors arising from changes in the 
nature of the evaporating surface. 
188 



City or town. 



Cleveland 

Bellefourche 

Highmore 

Amarillo 

Dal hart 

San Antonio. 

Corinne 

Fort Douglas. 

Logan 

Nephi 

Prosser 

Milwaukee... 
Stevens Point 

Laramie 



Num- 
ber of 
years 



Date. 



1802 to 1807, inclusive 

1908 to 1909, inclusive 

1907.. 

1907 to 1909, inclusive 

1908 to 1909, inclusive 

1907 to 1909, inclusive 

1901 

1890-1-2 

1901 

1908 to 1909, inclusive 

1900 24.6 

1901 30.6 

1863 to 1867 

1901 J 28.2 

1902 29. 4 

1893-1898, 1901 



Evapora- 
tion. 



a 24. 6 
38.0 
33.7 
52.4 
54.6 
45.7 
6 40.1 
<30.7 
d34.3 
42.0 
6 27.6 
e 26. 9 
28.8 
h 39. 4 



20 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 

half the rainfall and so save the remainder of the rainfall for the use 
of the crop. In establishing a mulch it is necessary to sacrifice all 
of the moisture in the surface layer of soil that is used to form the 
mulch. Any rain, then, that simply wets the surface mulch is of no 
value in storing moisture in summer- tilled land, since it must all be 
evaporated in order to establish the mulch again. 

EVAPORATION AS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE IN THE GREAT 

PLAINS. 

The increase in evaporation is very marked as we proceed south- 
ward through the Great Plains, the seasonal evaporation in the Pan- 
handle of Texas being 54 inches, or about double that in North 
Dakota. The influence of this increased evaporation upon the agri- 
cultural operations is seen by comparing the agricultural operations 
along the line of 20-inch annual rainfall in the two States. This line 
in North Dakota passes through the head of the Red River valley, 
where the rainfall has been ample for the successful growing of wheat 
upon the same land year after year. In Texas the 20-inch line passes 
through a country which is still largely grazing land and where agri- 
culture is confined to the most drought-resistant crops, such as kafir 
and milo. It is evident, then, that in dry-farming sections having 
equal rainfall the North has a decided advantage over the South- 
owing to the lower evaporation. 

Dr. H. L. Shantz, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, finds that the 
distribution of a native grass is a good index of the rainfall required 
in different sections of the Great Plains. Short grass, which consists 
chiefly of buffalo grass and grama grass, is well suited for this purpose, 
since it occurs from Montana to Texas. In each section the grass 
grows as far west as the opposing influences of rainfall and evaporation 
will permit. Its growth to the east is checked by competition with 
the prairie grasses. Thus we have a strip of short grass extending 
from Montana to Texas, limited on the west side by drought and on 
the east by competition with other grasses. Therefore the increase in 
the annual rainfall as we go from north to south in the short-grass 
region represents the additional amount of rain needed to offset the 
increased evaporation. In Montana, short grass unmixed with other 
grasses, occurs in districts having an annual rainfall of approximately 
14 inches; in Colorado, in regions having a rainfall of 17 inches; and 
in the Panhandle of Texas, in regions having an annual rainfall of 21 
inches. 

The same type of native grass requires in Texas 7 inches more of 
rain a year than in Montana. This gives us at once a measure of 

a The authors are indebted to Doctor Shantz for this preliminary account of his 
investigations on the distribution of the vegetation of the Great Plains, which will 
shortly appear as a bulletin of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 
188 



EVAPORATION AS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE. 



21 



the additional amount of rain required for a grain crop in Texas as 
compared with Montana. Furthermore, the evaporation in Texas 
during the six summer months exceeds that in Montana by about 
20 inches. Therefore, if the summer evaporation at one place in the 
Great Plains exceeds that at another by 3 inches a corresponding 
increase in the summer rainfall of approximately 1 inch at the first 
place is needed to offset the increased evaporation. A rainfall of 21 
inches in the Panhandle of Texas is therefore really no better for 
growing crops than 15 inches in Montana or Dakota, owing to the 
greatly increased evaporation on the Texas plains. 

The influence of the amount of evaporation in different sections of 
the Great Plains upon the effectiveness of the rainfall in crop pro- 
duction is illustrated in the accompanying chart (fig. 5) . The heavy 
curved line marked "20" passes through points in the Great Plains 
States having an annual average rainfall of 20 inches. From what 
has already been said, it is evident that the conditions determining 
crop production become more and more severe as we pass southward 
along this line, owing to the increase in the evaporation. It would 
therefore be necessary to move more and more to the eastward from 
the line representing an annual rainfall of 20 inches as we go south- 
ward through the Great Plains, in order to find conditions that are 
equally favorable for crop production so far as rainfall is concerned. 
The broken line which is coincident with the line of 20 inches annual 
rainfall in the northern part of North Dakota and which becomes 
more and more separated from it as we move southward through the 
Great Plains passes through points having a rainfall equivalent to 
20 inches in North Dakota. The actual rainfall along this line 
increases as we go south through the area until the lowlands of Texas 
are reached, but owing to the increased evaporation it is no more 
effective in growing crops than is 20 inches in North Dakota or 
Montana. 

To the west of the line of 20 inches annual rainfall will be found 
a second line which passes through points having an average annual 
rainfall of 15 inches. In connection with this line of 15 inches annual 
rainfall there is given on the map a second broken line which passes 
through points having a rainfall equivalent to 15 inches in North 
Dakota or Montana. It will be noted that through southwestern 
Nebraska and northwestern Kansas this broken line is practically 
coincident with the line of 20 inches annual rainfall. In other words, 
15 inches of rainfall in Montana or Dakota are equivalent to 20 
inches of rainfall in southwestern Nebraska or western Kansas. In 
southwestern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and in Texas this line lies 
wholly to the east of the line representing 20 inches annual rainfall. 
Throughout this latter section, then, more than 20 inches of rainfall 

188 



22 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



would be required in order to be equivalent to 15 inches of rain- 
fall along the Canadian boundary. These lines of equivalent rainfall 
have been established from a consideration of the distribution of the 
short grass through the Great Plains and from a study of the evapo- 




Fio. 5.— Outline map of the States in the Great Plains region, showing the lines of equal rainfall and 
lines of equivalent rainfall. The solid lines marked 15 and 20 pass through points of equal rainfall; 
the corresponding dotted lines pass through points having a rainfall which is equivalent to 15 and 
20 inches, respectively, on the Canadian boundary. 



ration. Their position should be considered as only approximate, 
but they serve to emphasize the great influence of the increased 
evaporation upon the amount of water required for crop production. 

188 



KELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT BASIN. 28 



RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL. 

In order that the prospective settler may form an idea of the 
yields that he can reasonably expect to obtain in regions of limited 
rainfall, there is given in the following pages a summary of the yields 
obtained, at a number of experimental farms conducted under state 
and federal supervision. 

RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT BASIN. 

During the years 1904, 1905, and 1906 the Utah Agricultural 
Experiment Station conducted experiments at six dry-farming sta- 
tions in Utah. a The following table shows the average yield of 
wheat obtained by summer-fallowing methods at these stations dur- 
ing the three years. The table shows the yearly precipitation, the 
precipitation that occurred during the growing season from April 1 
to July 20, and the corresponding yield. 6 The location of the coun- 
ties may be seen by referring to the Utah precipitation map, page 44. 

Table II. — Relation of precipitation to yield of Lof (house wheat on summer-fallowed 
lands at six dry-farming stations in Utah. 

[From Bulletin No. 100, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.] 



County and year. 



Iron: 

1904 

1905. ... 
1906.... 

Juab: 

1904.... 
1905. ... 
1906 

Tooele: 

1904. ... 

1905 

1906 

Sevier: 

1904 

1905 

1906. ... 

Washington 

1904 

1905. ... 
1906 

San Juan: 

1904 

1905 

1906 



Yearly pre- 
cipitation, 
August 1 
to July 31. 



Inches. 
13.4 
9.9 
15.9 

15.4 
11.3 
18.4 

18.5 
12.4 
13.0 

13.2 
11.5 
15.5 

13.4 
10.9 
16.6 

6.6 
19.0 
20.0 



Seasonal 
precipita- 
tion, April 
1 to July 20 



Inches. 
3.8 
2.8 
3.2 

3.9 
3.1 
6.3 

4.6 
3.2 
4.5 

6.0 
4.1 
4.6 

2.2 
2.9 
4.1 

2.8 
5.3 
4.8 



Yield of 

wheat per 
acre. 



Bushels. 



°> Bulletin 100, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, by W. M. Jardine. 

b The writers are indebted to Mr. W. M. Jardine for assistance in compiling the 
yields given in this table. The figures are based upon the average yields of Lofthouse 
wheat plats and represent in most cases the average of the Lofthouse wheat yields 
in the variety tests, in the depth-of-plowing tests, and in the time-of-seeding tests, 
3 to 5 plats in all. In the depth-of-plowing tests the yield of the plat plowed 8 inches 
deep was taken when possible, and in the other cases the average of the yields from 
the plats plowed 5 inches deep and 10 inches deep was used. In the time-of-seeding 
tests the yields of the plats sown on dates recommended in the bulletin were used. 
These figures, therefore, represent the yields of wheat grown under conditions generally 
advocated in the region, viz, on land plowed 8 inches deep and summer-fallowed. 
188 



24 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION, 

The cost of producing an acre of wheat on summer-fallowed land 
in Utah, including seed and harvesting, is about $7, a which with 
wheat at 75 cents would be equivalent to about 9 bushels of wheat 
per acre. On this basis wheat production proved profitable during 
the three years in Juab and Tooele counties. In San Juan County 
in 1904 the rainfall was less than 7 inches and the crop was a failure. 
During the next two years, however, the rainfall was about 20 inches 
and good yields were obtained. The yields at the other three sta- 
tions during the three years do not cover the cost of growing the crop. 
The records of Juab County show clearly the influence of the amount 
of rain on the yield, the yields varying from 15 bushels with a rainfall 
of 11 inches in 1905 to 31 bushels with a rainfall of 18 inches in 1906. 
Jardine emphasizes the importance of having at least 4 inches of 
rain during the growing season from April 1 to July 20. 

To summarize, in Tooele and Juab counties, Utah, profitable 
yields were obtained when the rainfall exceeded 13 inches. At the 
other stations in Iron, Sevier, and Washington counties a rainfall 
of 15 inches was not sufficient to produce profitable crops. The 
evaporation from a freely exposed tank of water has been found to 
be about 42 inches during the six summer months in Juab County. 
We may conclude, then, that with this amount of evaporation an 
annual rainfall of 13 inches represents about the minimum under 
which farming can be profitably carried on in the Great Basin. 6 

MINIMUM RAINFALL NECESSARY FOR WHEAT PRODUCTION IN THE 

COLUMBIA BASIN. 

There is probably no other region in the United States where dry 
farming is successfully conducted with so low a rainfall as in the 
Columbia Basin, in southern Washington and northern Oregon. 
This is the result of a combination of favorable conditions. The 
evaporation is considerably lower than in the Great Basin, the rains 
come mainly during the winter season and are not torrential, and 
the basaltic soils absorb the rainfall readily. As we have already 
seen, the system of alternate cropping and summer fallow is especially 

« Grace Brothers, who operate a large farm in Juab County, Utah, find the average 
cost of growing wheat on summer-fallowed land to be $6.85 per acre. This figure 
includes all charges except an interest charge for the land. (See Second Annual 
Report Dry-Farming Congress, p. 170.) 

The cost of growing spring wheat on fall-plowed land in Minnesota, as given by 
E. C. Parker and T. P. Cooper, ranges from $4".30 (on a large farm) to $6.40 per acre. 
These figures do not include land rental or the cost of hauling the grain to market. 

Other things being •'equal, it is to be expected that wheat production under the 
system of alternate cropping and summer fallowing would be somewhat more ex- 
pensive than under the annual cropping system, as in Minnesota, owing to the increased 
cost of maintaining the summer fallow. 

b Prof. L. A. Merrill, of the Utah station, places the minimum annual rainfall for 
profitable dry farming in that section at 12 inches. 
188 



RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 25 

adapted to such conditions and is the method uniformly followed in 
that part of the Columbia Basin where the rainfall is light. Summer 
tillage of the fallow land is also carried on quite generally throughout 
the region. a The rainfall records in the drier portions of the Columbia 
Basin are very broken, so that it is not possible at the present time 
to determine the relation of yield to rainfall with exactness. 
Hunter, 6 who has made a special study of the conditions in this 
region, states that while wheat is being produced on an average annual 
rainfall as low as 8.5 inches, 10 inches is about the minimum for suc- 
cessful wheat production. A great deal of wheat is grown around 
Ella, in Morrow County, Oregon, and in other parts of the northern 
tier of counties in Oregon where the rainfall is no greater than that 
of Ella. The average annual precipitation at Ella, Oreg., during the 
last ten years has been 9.5 inches. During this period the rainfall 
has varied from 12.8 inches in 1906 to 5.2 in 1908. During a year 
of heavy rainfall the yield of the wheat crop grown on summer- 
fallowed land at Ella is from 20 to 30 bushels per acre, or even more. 
When the rainfall is 6 or 7 inches the crop is sometimes not worth 
cutting and the yields are frequently only 6 or 7 bushels per acre. 
No wheat is grown in the driest part of the basin in the vicinity of 
Pasco, Wash., where the annual rainfall is only about 6 inches. 

It appears to be established, then, that wheat is being grown at 
a profit in this region by summer-fallowing methods on an annual 
rainfall of 10 inches. The minimum rainfall necessary for a wheat 
crop that will return more than the cost of production appears to be 
about 8.5 inches, although actual yields in connection with rainfall 
records are not yet available to establish this minimum definitely. 
The yields on the same rainfall of course vary considerably according 
to the methods and care employed in the production of the crop. 

RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 

The Office of Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations of the Bureau of 
Plant Industry has been conducting extensive investigations since 
1906 to determine the cultural methods and systems of crop rotation 
best adapted to the conditions in the Great Plains. The following 
table has been compiled from the results of these experiments, which 
are now available to the end of the season of 1909. c The results of the 

a For a description of the methods of tillage used in this section, see the paper by 
Byron Hunter, entitled "Farm Practice in the Columbia Basin Uplands," Farmers' 
Bulletin 294, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1907. 

& The writers desire to acknowledge their indebtedness to Mr. Byron Hunter, of the 
Office of Farm Management of the Bureau of Plant Industry, for the information 
relative to wheat yields in the Columbia Basin. 

c See "A Study of Cultivation Methods and Crop Rotations for the Great Plains 
Area," by E. C. Chilcott and members of the field staff of Dry-Land Agriculture Inves- 
tigations, Bulletin 187, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1910. 
188 



26 



DEY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPOEATION. 



work cover experiments at eleven stations, extending from Montana 
to the Panhandle of Texas. 



Table III. — Variation in yield of spring-sown wheat with rainfall in the Great Plains. 
[Based upon the field experiments of the Office of Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations.] 



Station and year. 


Ordi- 
nary 
meth- 
ods. 


Conser- 
vation 
meth- 
ods. 


Sum- 
mer til- 
lage. 


Rota- 
tions, 
average 
of 7 
plats. 


Aver- 
age 
yield 
of 10 
plats. 


Rain- 
fall, 
April- 
July, 
inclu- 
sive. 


. l 
Rain- 
fall 
for the 
year. 


Judith Basin, 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


In. 


In'. 


Mont. , 1909 


33.0 


33.4 


34.0 


34.6 


34.3 


14.0 


25.6 


D ic kin son, N. 
















Dak.: 
















1908 


24.3 


17.7 


33.8 


28.1 


27.3 


10.5 


19.5 


1909 


26.8 


25.2 


35.7 


36.4 


34.3 


11.2 


20.9 


Edgelev,N.Dak.: 
















1907 


4.1 


7.0 


9.9 


11.1 


9.9 


6.7 


11.5 


1908 


13.3 


15.3 


16.0 


17.1 


16.4 


9.2 


17.1 


1909 


28.3 


23.3 


27.0 


29.7 


28.7 


10.8 


15.6 


Highmore , S. 
















Dak.: 
















1907 


28.8 


29.7 


30.0 


28.2 


28.6 


11.1 


17.3 


1908 


26. 3 


19. 7 


30. 7 


25. 3 


25. 4 


12. 5 


22. 4 


Beliefourche, S. 
















Dak., 1909 


23.8 


23.3 


32.2 


29.1 


28.3 


7.9 


(«) 


North Platte, 














Nebr.: 
















1907 


24.5 


26.0 


31.8 


23.7 


24.8 


12.3 


19.1 


1908 


22.7 


27.3 


40.5 


28.9 


29.3 


12.8 


20.0 


1909 


23.0 


15.3 


18.0 


20.1 


19.7 


13.7 


18.9 


Akron, Colo.. 1909. 


14.3 


10.3 


18.5 


17.0 


16.2 


10.2 


22.4 


Hays, Kans., 1908. 


1.2 


4.5 


4.2 


3.8 


3.7 


14.2 


25.3 


Garden City, 
















Kans., 1909 


2.1 


3.2 


6.7 


3.0 


3.3 


11.3 


22. C 


Dalhart, Tex., 
















1909 


.0 


.0 


10.5 


1.1 


1.8 


8.3 


16.0 


Amarillo, Tex.: 
















1908 


17.0 


14.0 


16.0 


10.5 


12.1 


12.6 


19.1 


1909 


. -0 


2.8 


10.5 


1.4 


2.3 


8.5 


18.4 



Rainfall for 
the year. 



Above 
nor- 
mal. 



In. 
10.4 



4.5 
5.9 



Be- 
low 
nor- 
mal. 



In. 



8.0 
2.5 
4.1 



5.0 



Rainfall for 
the season. 



Above 
- nor- 
mal 



1.0 
1.1 



3.3 
1.9 



3.3 



Be- 
low 
nor- 
mal. 



In. 



4.8 
2.3 
.7 



a Year not complete. 

The first column of the table shows the station and State in which 
the field work was conducted and the year in which the experiments 
were carried on; the second column gives the yield of spring wheat 
in bushels per acre under ordinary methods of cultivation — that is, 
shallow spring plowing and no harrowing of the grain after planting; 
the third column, headed " Conservation methods," gives the yields 
of spring wheat on land plowed 8 inches deep in the fall, put in good 
tilth in the spring before planting, and harrowed after the grain was 
up in order to conserve moisture; the fourth column, headed " Sum- 
mer tillage," gives the yield of spring wheat grown on land summer 
tilled the preceding year; the fifth .column, headed " Rotations," 
gives the average yield of wheat in seven different rotations carried 
on at each of the stations; all of the methods employed and the yields 
obtained are described in detail in the bulletin referred to. In the 
sixth column is given the average yield of wheat from the ten plats 
previously considered, namely, the seven rotation plats and three 

188 



RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 27 

tillage plats; in the seventh column is given the rainfall from April 
to July, inclusive, in inches. This period is selected as coinciding 
most nearly with the average growing season at the different stations. 
The eighth column gives the total rainfall for the year, while the last 
four columns show the amount that the total rainfall for the year 
and the season was above or below the normal for that station. 

Referring to the last columns of the table, it will be seen that for 
the 18 series of experiments reported the rainfall for the year in 9 
instances was above the normal and in 6 instances below the normal. 
While the yields in the greater number of cases have been obtained 
during wet years, very trying conditions were encountered at some 
of the stations. At Judith Basin, Mont., and at Dickinson, in the 
western part of North Dakota, the rainfall has been unusually high, 
ranging from 5 to 10 inches above the normal. The effect of this is 
well exemplified in the yields at Judith Basin, ordinary methods of 
cultivation giving as good yields with a bountiful rainfall as either 
conservation or summer-tillage methods. At Dickinson somewhat 
higher yields were obtained with summer tillage, but not enough to 
justify this method if the bountiful rains could have been foreseen. 

At Edgeley, in the southeastern part of North Dakota, three dry 
seasons were encountered. In the first less than 7 inches of rain fell 
during the growing season. The yield on spring-plowed land was 4 
bushels per acre; on summer-fallowed land, 10 bushels. In 1908, 
with a rain of 9 inches during the growing season, the yields were 13 
and 16 bushels, respectively; and in 1909, with 11 inches of rain dur- 
ing the growing season, the yields were 28 and 27 bushels per acre. 
The effect of a slightly increased rainfall during the growing season 
upon the yield is very marked at this station. In 1907, with a sea- 
sonal rainfall of 7 inches, the average yield was about 10 bushels per 
acre; in 1909, with a seasonal rainfall of 11 inches, the yield was 
about 29 bushels per acre, or a gain in yield of 19 bushels for an 
increase in rainfall of 4 inches. 

The results at Edgeley show an increased production on summer- 
tilled land during 1907, which was very dry. It is important to note, 
however, that the average yield from the rotation plats was even 
higher than from the summer-tilled land at this station during this 
dry year. In fact, the rotations gave better yields than summer- 
tillage methods for each of the three years during which experiments 
have been conducted at this station. This indicates that summer 
tillage is not profitable on the soils of the Edgeley district even during 
years of deficient rainfall. 

An average yield of about 28 bushels was obtained at the Highmore 
station in South Dakota during the season of 1907 under a normal 
rainfall. In 1908 an average yield of 25 bushels per acre was 

188 



28 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 

obtained at this station. The rainfall during this year was 5 inches 
above the normal, but it will be seen from the table that the rainfall 
during the growing season was only 1.4 inches above that in 1907. 
The lower yield at Highmore in 1908 is probably to be explained by 
the fact that the last three weeks of July and the first week of August 
were very dry, less than 1 inch of rain falling during this time. These 
results show the necessity of knowing the seasonal rainfall when study- 
ing the relation of yield to rainfall in the Great Plains. Frequently, 
as in tins case, a knowledge of the monthly rainfall is not even suffi- 
cient, but the daily distribution must be known to determine the 
influence of the precipitation upon the yield. 

At Belief ourche, in western South Dakota, in 1907, a yield of 24 
bushels was obtained on spring-plowed land as compared with 32 
bushels on summer-tilled land and 29 bushels as the average yield on 
the rotation plats. These yields were obtained. with a rainfall of about 
8 inches during the growing season. It will be noted that while sum- 
mer tillage gave the highest yields, the yield from the rotation plats 
was nearly as high. Therefore, on the heavy gumbo soils repre- 
sented by the Bellefourche district, with a seasonal rainfall of 9 
inches, the results indicate that crop rotations will give much better 
returns than summer tillage, considering the fact that a crop on 
summer-tilled land is obtained only once in two years. 

At North Platte, Nebr., the seasonal precipitation has been very 
uniform for the three years during which experiments have been con- 
ducted, varying from 12 to 14 inches. The yield of wheat during 
these three years, based upon an average of 10 plats, varied from 20 
to 29 bushels. We will consider briefly the cause of this fluctuation 
in yield. 

The soil at North Platte is a silt loam of loess formation and absorbs 
water readily. The season of 1906 was very wet, so that the season 
of 1907 opened with a good supply of moisture in the soil. Conse- 
quently, good yields were obtained in 1907, although the influence 
of a rather dry spring is shown in the lower yields of the spring- 
plowed plat. 

The fall of 1907 and the spring of 1908 at North Platte were very 
dry, only 3.5 inches of precipitation occurring from October 1 to May 
1. In May, June, and July there was abundant rain. It is under 
such conditions that moisture-conservation methods become most 
effective. The moisture stored in the soil by conservation methods 
is sufficient to carry the crop through a dry spring, and when supple- 
mented by abundant summer rains is sufficient for the production 
of large crops. Thus, during 1908 a yield of 40.5 bushels was obtained 
from summer-tilled land as compared with 22.7 bushels from wheat 
sown on spring-plowed land. 

188 



RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 29 

In 1909, on the other hand, the highest yield of wheat at North 
Platte was obtained from spring-plowed land. The seasonal rain- 
fall was the highest of any of the three years. But the rainfall was 
not the factor which controlled the yields during this season. There 
was abundant moisture for all the crops. In this case the tempera- 
ture was the controlling factor. The wheat sown on the conserva- 
tion plats encountered freezing weather for five days just as it was 
coming up. In the spring-plowed plats, where conditions were not 
so favorable, the germination was retarded and the plants were not 
injured during this cold weather. More freezing weather occurred a 
week later, which injured the more advanced grain to such an extent 
that it never recovered, and the wheat sown on spring-plowed land 
consequently gave better yields. 

The stations so far considered are located in the central and 
northern part of the Great Plains, where the conditions are not so 
severe owing to the lower evaporation. The remaining stations are 
located in a section subject to high winds, hail, and high evaporation. 

At Akron, Colo., in 1909 the spring was cold and wet. Under these 
conditions we would not expect marked differences between spring- 
plowing and summer-tillage methods. The average yield at the sta- 
tion was about 16 bushels, with a seasonal rainfall of 10 inches. 

At Hays, Kans., in 1908 the average yield was only about 4 bushels 
with a seasonal rainfall of 14 inches. This low yield was due to high 
winds and dry weather in the spring months. The crop in 1909 was 
destroyed by hail. 

At Garden City, Kans., in 1909 the average yield of wheat was 3 
bushels per acre, with a seasonal rainfall of 11 inches. There was 2 
inches of precipitation in March, which provided sufficient moisture 
for the germination of the wheat, but there was practically no pre- 
cipitation during April and the first half of May, which so weakened 
the crop that the later rains could not be utilized. 

The crop at Dalhart, Tex., in 1908 was destroyed by drought. In 
1909 the spring was very dry, less than 3 inches of water falling from 
September 1 to May 1 . Wheat grown on summer-tilled land was the 
only plat that was able to withstand this weather. A hailstorm on 
June 19 completed the destruction of those crops that had been weak- 
ened by the drought, and injured the wheat on the summer-tilled 
plat, which, however, gave a yield of 10.5 bushels per acre, with a 
seasonal rainfall of only 8 inches. 

Spring wheat at Amarillo, Tex., during the season of 1907 was a 
failure, owing to the extremely dry weather of the spring and early 
summer, combined with the severe hailstorm of June 3. The aver- 
age yield was only about 2 bushels per acre. In 1908 an average 
yield of about 12 bushels was obtained on a seasonal rainfall of 12.6 
inches. March was very dry during this season, but good rains were 

188 



30 DEY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



recorded in April and May, which explains the equality in yield of 
the spring-plowed and summer-fallowed plats. In 1909, April and 
May were very dry, while good rains fell in June. Here again we 
find the conditions under which conservation methods become espe- 
cially effective, namely, a dry spring followed by timely summer rains. 
The wheat sown on spring-plowed land at Amarillo during this season 
was a failure, while the wheat on summer-tilled land gave a yield of 
10.5 bushels on a seasonal rainfall of 8.5 inches. 

In comparing the seasonal rainfall with the yields for all the stations 
it will be seen that when the rainfall from April to July, inclusive, is 
less than 8 inches the yields are hardly sufficient to cover the expense 
of producing the crop. With a seasonal rainfall of 8 to 10 inches 
the yield of wheat grown on summer-tilled land is generally consid- 
erably higher than wheat grown on spring-plowed land. When, how- 
ever, the seasonal precipitation is above 10 or 12 inches, the increased 
returns from the method of alternate cropping and summer tillage 
do not exceed the returns from wheat grown in rotation or on spring 
plowing by an amount sufficient to offset the increased cost of sum- 
mer tillage. 

YIELD IN RELATION TO RAINFALL IN SOUTHERN TEXAS. 
THE THREE YEARS ' RECORD AT SAiJ ANTONIO. 

Field experiments have also been conducted by the Office of 
Western Agricultural Extension of the Bureau of Plant Industry, 
during the past three years, at San Antonio, Tex. The normal rain- 
fall of this region is about 26 inches, but the evaporation is equal to 
that on the high plains of Texas during the summer months, which, 
combined with the irregularity of the rainfall, often results in drought. 
The following table shows the yields of some of the standard crops 
of this region during three years in which there was a marked varia- 
tion in the seasonal rainfall. 

Table IV. — Relation of yield to rainfall at San Antonio, Tex. 



Crop and year. 



Yield per acre. 



Seasonal 
rainfall. 



Annual 
rainfall. 



Corn: 
\ ■ 1907. 

1908. 
Q 1909. 
Cotton: 
1907. 
1908. 
Q . 1909. 
Sorghum 
• 1907. 
"1908. 
.. 1909. 



17.5 bushels. 
27.4 bushels. 
9.9 bushels. . 

377 pounds. . 
1,090 pounds 
640 pounds. . 

3.1 tons 

13 tons 

1.9 tons 



Inches. 
9.3 
10 
4.4 

13 
17.7 
9.3 

11.3 
16.4 
8.2 



Inches. 



Inferring to Table IV, it will be seen that the total rainfall for 
the year 1009 was only one-half that of either of the two preceding 

188 



RELATION OF YIELD TO RAINFALL IN SOUTHERN TEXAS. 31 

years, in which the rainfall was about normal. The rain which fell 
each year during the growing season of each crop is given in the col- 
umn headed " Seasonal rainfall. ;; 

The seasonal rainfall for corn is taken from March 1 to July 1; 
for cotton,, from March 1 to October 1; for sorghum, from April 1 
to October 1. The cotton yields include weight of both seed and 
fiber. The sorghum (Sumac) was grown in drills for forage, and two 
cuttings were made, the total yield being given in the table. The 
figures in all cases represent the average of a number of plats, varying 
from 8 to 46 in number each year in the case of the corn and cotton 
crops and from 3 to 4 in the case of the sorghum. 

It will be noted that the yields increase with the seasonal rainfall 
in every instance except that of the cotton crop of 1907. The low 
yield in this case is due to an extremely dry August and September, 
only about 1 inch of rain falling during this time, which is a critical 
period in the growth of cotton in this region. The effect of the rain- 
fall on the growth of sorghum is especially marked, the yield varying 
from 1.9 tons with a seasonal rainfall of 8 inches in 1909 to 13 tons 
per acre with a seasonal rainfall of 16 inches in 1908. This latter 
yield, which is^extremely high, was the average of four plats, of which 
the lowest gave a yield of over 12 tons per acre. All of these four 
plats were cropped to either sorghum or cotton the previous year, 
and were plowed the preceding fall in time to take advantage of heavy 
fall and winter rains. The water which was stored in the soil as the 
result of the fall plowing, amounting probably to 6 or 8 inches of rain- 
fall, was thus available to the crop in addition to the seasonal rain- 
fall of 16 inches. But even granting that the sorghum had 24 inches 
of water during its growing period and assuming that the forage con- 
tained 20 per cent of water when weighed, this crop still shows the 
remarkable efficiency of 1 pound of dry material produced for every 
260 pounds of water used. 

SUMMER TILLAGE AT SAN ANTONIO. 

The increased yield obtained on summer-tilled land during a dry 
season is strikingly illustrated in the results given in Table V, which 
were obtained at the San Antonio Experiment Farm in 1909. 



Table V. — Comparison of yields from crops grown on summer-tilled land and on land 
cropped the preceding year at San Antonio, Tex., 1909. 



Crop. 


On land cropped 
in 1908. 


On land summer 
tilled in 1908. 


Cotton 


596 pounds 


783 pounds. 
22.6 bushels. 
5 tons. 
1.25 tons. 


Corn 


3.3 bushels 


Sorghum 


1.9 tons 


Oats 


0.0 ton 







188 



32 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 

Table V shows a comparison of yields obtained on summer-tilled 
land and on land cropped the preceding year. With the exception of 
the cotton crop, the increased }deld resulting from summer tillage 
is very marked. The cotton on cropped land was greatly helped by 
seasonal rains during July and August, a critical period with this crop. 
The yield of corn on the cropped land was only one-sixth and of 
sorghum one -third that on summer -tilled land. Oats grown as a 
hay crop during the winter months were a failure except on the 
summer-tilled land. These results were obtained during an exceed- 
ingly dry year. Usually the rainfall of this region is sufficient to 
make crop rotations practicable, although cultivated crops should 
be used as far as possible. 

NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 

Table VI has been specially compiled for this bulletin, principally 
from the numerous reports of the United States Weather Bureau, 
and includes the rainfall records available to January, 1910. The 
table gives the station, the county in which the station is located, 
the elevation of the station above sea level, the normal precipitation — 
that is, the average annual precipitation for a number,of years — and 
the number of years of records upon which the normal is based, ending 
with the year given in the table. 

In the state rainfall maps (figs. 6-23) each number on the map 
represents the normal rainfall at the station located at that point. 
These maps, which were prepared from the figures given in the tables, 
show the distribution of the rainfall in each State. The heavy curved 
lines drawn through the maps pass through points having approxi- 
mately the same rainfall. The amount of rainfall in inches repre- 
sented by each line is shown by the numbers at the ends of the line. 
These lines have been drawn when possible to represent differences 
of 5 inches in the rainfall. For example, in the Kansas map one line 
passes through points having an annual rainfall of 20 inches, another 
line through points where the rainfall is 25 inches, and so on. In 
some States there are found separated regions which have the same 
rainfall, as in Colorado. These lines have been located by means of 
the figures given on the map, so that the figures are to be considered 
rather than the lines. The county boundaries in each State have 
been revised to date from the maps of the Post-Ofnee Department. 
The precipitation tables and maps will be found arranged alphabetic- 
ally according to States. 

°The term "precipitation " is used so as to include both rain and snow. The snow 
that falls into the gauge in the winter is melted, and the water is measured and treated 
in the records as rain. The records, then, include the total precipitation for the year, 
whether rain or snow, but measured always as rain. 
188 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 33 




5 10 15 15 

Fig. 6.— Rainfall map of Arizona. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 

52102°— Bui. 188—10 3 



34 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



40 20 




Fig. 7.— Rainfall map of California. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 



35 




36 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 




10 

^ig. 9. -Rainfall map of Idaho. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 
188 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 37 




188 



38 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 




Fig. 13.— Rainfall map of Nevada. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 
188 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 



39 




Fig. 14.— Rainfall map of New Mexico. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 
188 



40 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 




Fig. 15.— Rainfall map of North Dakota. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 




Fig. 16.— Rainfall map of Oklahoma. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 



188 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OP THE WESTERN STATES. 41 




Fig. 18.— Rainfall map of South Dakota. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 
188 



42 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 




NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 



43 




188 



44 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 




Fig. 21.— Rainfall map of Utah. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 
188 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 45 




Fig. 22.— Rainfall map of Washington. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 



15 




Fig. 23.— Rainfall map of Wyoming. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches. 



188 



46 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 

according to States. 



ARIZONA. 



Station. 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 


TS.T K 

JN umber 
of years 
recorded. 


Record 
ended— 


Normal 
precipi- 
tation. 


Feet. 






Inches. 


4, 184 


12 


1908 


11.6 


1.372 


16 


1908 


9.2 


492 


10 


1908 


4. 3 


3,523 


24 


1908 


9.0 


5,500 


18 


1908 


17.7 


4, 91G 


28 


1908 


13.3 


3, 756 


9 


1908 


10.8 


980 


17 


1908 


7.8 


1,396 


21 


1906 


7. 1 


3,610 


16 


1907 


13.8 


2,300 


9 


1908 


15.9 


4, 219 


10 


1908 


10.5 


1,900 


10 


1908 


15.4 


3,688 


12 


1908 


13.2 


2, 000 


5 


1872 


16.5 


3,726 


6 


1873 


14.2 


3,930 


6 


1908 


13.4 


4,611 


9 


1902 


12. 5 


2,360 


20 


1908 


14.0 


1,092 


15 


1907 


7.3 


6,907 


17 


1908 


23.2 


1,553 


9 


1890 


9. 5 


5,200 


29 


1908 


18. 1 


4,781 


23 


1890 


15. 4 


6,950 


8 


1905 


13. 5 


4,916 


23 


1903 


14.9 


5, 100 


23 


1908 


18.0 


2,400 


19 


1890 


12.4 


1,250 


24 


1890 


10. 4 


604 


15 


1904 


5. 1 


2,700 


10 


1890 


11.8 


3, 160 


22 


1890 


13. 1 


737 


18 


1908 


5.4 


3,525 


6 


1908 


16. 5 


5,069 


19 


1908 


8.8 


4,743 


12 


1908 


18.3 


3,326 


7 


1908 


11.8 


1,186 


26 


1908 


6.0 


1,244 


13 


1908 


8.8 


538 


7 


1907 


3.7 


5,000 


12 


1902 


18.3 


4,990 


18 


1908 


21.7 


4,500 


13 


1906 


17. 1 


3,610 


11 


1904 


12.3 


3,536 


10 


1900 


12.3 


345 


10 


1905 


4.4 


1,200 


9 


1900 


8.0 


1, 108 


14 


1908 


7.9 


1,092 


18 


1908 


7.5 


4,520 


14 


1908 


24.9 


5,660 


29 


1908 


17. 3 


1,983 


4 


1908 


21. 2 


6,950 


12 


1908 


13.5 


2,456 


21 


1908 


12.8 


3,609 


19 


1908 


6.4 


685 


10 


1908 


3.6 




«8 


1902 


15.8 


1,652 


16 


1908 


7.4 


5,875 


5 


1901 


21. 5 


353 


11 


1899 


3.5 


4, 550 


10 


1908 


14.2 


7 


1906 


6.0 


2, 390 


29 


1908 


10.7 


3,241 


10 


1908 


5.8 


3,649 


14 


1908 


12.3 


1,400 


7 


1885 


9.9 


4,164 


27 


1908 


8.5 


6,750 


7 


1908 


21.5 


4,700 


11 


1908 


18.9 


141 


28 


1908 


3.1 



Allaires Ranch 

Arizona Canal Dam 

Aztec 

Benson 

Bisbee 

Bonita 

Bowie 

Buckeye 

Casagrande 

Clifton 

Cline 

Cochise 

Columbia 

Congress 

Crittenden, Camp 

Date Creek, Camp 

Douglas 

Dragoon 

Dudley ville 

Experiment Station Farm. 

Flagstaff 

Florence 

Fort Apache 

Fort Bowie 

Fort Defiance 

Fort Grant 

Fort Huachuca 

Fort Lowell 

Fort McDowell 

Fort Mohave 

Fort Thomas 

Fort Verde '. 

Gila Bend 

Globe 

Holbrook 

Jerome 

Kingman 

Maricopa 

Mesa 

Mohawk Summit 

Mount Huachuca 

Natural Bridge 

Oracle 

Oro 

Pantano 

Parker 

Peoria •„.. 

Phoenix 

Phoenix (A) 

Pinal Ranch 

Prescott 

Roosevelt 

St. Michael 

San Carlos 

San Simon 

Sentinel 

Showlow 

Signal 

Strawberry 

Texas Hill 

Tombstone 

Tuba t ..... . 

Tucson 

Vail 

Walnut Grove 

Wickenburg 

Willcox 

Williams 

Yarnell 

Yuma 



Cochise. . 
Maricopa. 
Yuma. . . 
Cochise. . 

do... 

Graham.. 
Cochise. . 
Maricopa. 

Pinal 

Graham.. 

Gila 

Cochise. . 
Yavapai . 

do. . . 

Pima 

Yavapai . 
Cochise. . 
Cochise. . . 

Pinal 

Maricopa. 
Coconino. 

Pinal 

Navajo.. . 
Cochise. . 
Apache . . 
Graham.. 
Cochise. . . 

Pima 

Maricopa 
Mohave . . 
Graham . . 
Yavapai . . 
Maricopa. 

Gila 

Navajo... 
Yavapai . . 
Mohave.. 

Pinal 

Maricopa. 

Yuma 

Cochise. . . 

Gila 

Pinal 

Graham.. 

Pima 

Yuma 

Maricopa.. 

do ... 

....do.... 

Pinal 

Yavapai . . 
Gila........ 

Apache. . . 

Gila 

Cochise. . . 
Maricopa.. 

Navajo 

Mohave . . . 
Coconino.. 

Yuma 

Cochise. . . 
Coconino.. 

Pima 

....do .... 
Yavapai. . 
Maricopa.. 
Cochise. . . 
Coconino. . 
Yavapai . . 
Yuma 



188 



a Except for December. 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OP THE WESTERN STATES. 



47 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 

CALIFORNIA. 



Station. 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



Agnew 

Alosta 

Alta 

Anaheim 

Angioia 

Antioch 

Aptos 

Athlone. 

Auburn 

Azuza 

Bagdad 

Bakersfield 

Barstow 

Benicia Barracks 

Berendo 

Berkeley 

Big Dry Creek 

Biggs 

Bishop 

Blue Canyon 

Boca 

Bodie 

Borden 

Boulder Creek 

Bowmans Dam 

Branscomb 

Brentwood 

Brighton 

Byron 

Cabazon 

Caliente 

Calistoga 

Campbell 

Castro ville 

Cedarville 

Central Point 

Cherokee 

Chico 2 

Chino ■_ 

Cisco 

Claremont 

Cloverdale 

Colegrove 

Colfax 

Col ton 

Colusa 

Corning 

Crafton ville 

Crescent City 

Crystal Springs 

Cuyamaca 

Davisville 

Delano 

Delta 

Dinuba 

Dry town 

Dunnigan 

Dunsmuir 

Durham 

East Brother (L. H.) 

Edmanton 

El Cajon 

El Dorado 

Ellis 

Elmira 

Elm wood 

Elsinore 

El Verano . 

■Emigrant Gap 

Escondido 

Eureka . 

Exeter 

Fall Brook 

Farallon Island 

Farmington 



Santa Clara 

Los Angeles 

Placer 

Orange 

Tulare 

Contra Costa 

Santa Cruz 

Merced 

Placer 

Los Angeles .... 
San Bernardino. 

Kern 

San Bernardino. 

Solano 

Madera 

Alameda 

Fresno 

Butte 

Inyo 

Placer 

Nevada 

Mono 

Fresno 

Santa Cruz. 

Nevada 

Mendocino 

Contra Costa 

Sacramento 

Contra Costa 

Riverside 

Kern 

Napa 

Santa Clara 

Monterey 

Modoc 

Merced 

Butte 

....do 

San Bernardino. 

Placer 

Los Angeles 

Sonoma 

Los Angeles 

Placer 

San Bernardino. 

Colusa 

Tehama 

San Bernardino . 

Del Norte 

San Mateo 

San Diego 

Yolo 

Kern 

Shasta 

Tulare 

Amador 

Yolo 

Siskiyou 

Butte 

Contra Costa 

Plumas 

San Diego 

Eldorado 

San Joaquin 

Solano 

Stanislaus 

Riverside 

Sonoma 

Placer 

San Diego 

Humboldt 

Tulare 

San Diego 

San Francisco . . 
San Joaquin 



Feet. 
30 
600 
3,612 
134 
208 
46 
102 



1,360 
540 
784 
404 

2,105 
64 
256 
317 
435 
98 

4,450 

4, 695 

5, 531 
8, 248 

328 
470 
5, 500 
2,000 
80 
53 
33 
1,779 
1,290 
363 
217 
17 
4, 675 
117 



189 
714 
5, 939 
1,200 
340 
300 
2, 421 
965 
60 
277 
1,759 
50 
220 
4,677 
51 
319 
1,138 
335 
790 
65 
2, 285 
160 
63 
4, 730 
482 
1,609 
76 
75 
126 
1,234 
104 
5, 230 
657 
64 
392 
700 
30 
111 



904 
905 
907 
90S 
890 



90S 
S90 



904 
908 
90S 



907 
884 



004 



902 
90S 
903 
878 
903 
907 



90S 



188 



48 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 



CALIFORNIA— Continued, 



Station. 



Felton 

Fernando 

Firebaugh 

Florence 

Folsom 

Fordyce Dam 

Fort Bid well 

Fort Gaston 

Fort Humboldt 

Fort Ross 

Fort Yuma 

Fresno 

Fruito 

Gait 

Georgetown 

Gilroy 

uirard 

Gjendora 

Gold Run 

Gonzales 

Goshen Junction 

Grand Island 

Grass Valley 

Grayson 

Greenville 

Guadaloupe 

Guinda 

Hanford 

Haywards 

Healdsburg 

Helen Mine 

Hollister 

Hornbrook 

Humboldt (L. H.).. 

Huron 

Idyll wild 

Independence 

Indio 

lone 

Iowa Hill 

Isabella 

Jackson (near) 

Jamestown 

Jolon 

Keeler 

Keene 

Kennedy Gold Mine. 

Kernville 

King City 

Kingsburg 

Knights Landing 

Kono Tayee 

La Grange 

Lakeport (near) 

La Porte 

Lathrop 

Laurel 

Le Grand 

Lemon Cove 

Lemoore 

Lick Observatory. . . 

Livermore 

Lodi 

Los Angeles 

Los Ban os 

Los Gatos 

Mammoth Tank 

Manzana 

Martinez 

Marysville 

Mend ota 

Menlo Park 

Merced 

Milton 

Modesto 



County. 



Santa Cruz 

Los Angeles. . . 

Fresno 

Los Angeles. . . 

Sacramento 

Nevada 

Modoc 

Humboldt 

do 

Sonoma 

Imperial 

Fresno 

Glenn. 

Sacramento 

Eldorado 

Santa Clara 

Kern 

Los Angeles. . . 

Placer 

Monterey 

Tulare 

Colusa 

Nevada 

Stanislaus 

Plumas 

Santa Barbara. 

Yolo 

Kings 

Alameda 

Sonoma 

Lake 

San Benito 

Siskiyou 

Humboldt 

Fresno 

Riverside 

Inyo 

Riverside 

Amador 

Placer 

Kern 

Amador 

Tuolumne 

Monterey 

Inyo 

Kern 

Amador 

Kern 

Monterey 

Fresno 

Yolo 

Lake 

Stanislaus 

Lake 

Plumas 

San Joaouin. . . 

Santa Cruz 

Merced 

Tulare 

Kings 

Santa Clara 

Alameda 

San Joaquin. . . 
Los Angeles. . . 

Merced 

Santa Clara 

Imperial . .". 

Los Angeles 

Contra Costa... 

Yuba 

Fresno 

San Mateo 

Merced 

Calaveras 

Stanislaus 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Feet. 
275 

1,066 
150 
153 
252 

6,500 

4,640 
397 
50 
100 
•276 
293 
624 
49 

2,650 
193 

3,302 



3, 222 
127 
286 
65 
2,090 
55 
3, 600 



350 
249 
75 
52 
2,750 
284 
2, 154 
8 
367 
5, 250 
3, 907 
-20 
287 
2,825 
2, 500 
1,900 
1,471 



3, 620 
2, 705 
1,500 
2, 600 
333 
301 
45 
1,325 
250 
1.325 
5, 000 
25 
910 
255 
600 
227 
4, 209 
485 
45 
293 
121 
600 
257 
2,850 
10 
67 
177 
64 
173 
660 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



1899 
1903 
1886 
1899 
1908 
1908 
1890 
1890 
1866 
1908 
1883 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 



1908 
1908 
1899 
1899 
1899 
1884 



1908 
1908 
1899 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1907 
1890 
1902 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1905 
1902 
1908 
1899 



1902 
1899 
1908 
1899 
1906 
1902 
1890 
1903 
1908 
1899 
1899 
1908 
1908 
1899 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1901 
1899 
1908 
1907 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 



188 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 49 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 

CALIFORNIA— Continued. 



Station. 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



Mojave 

Mokelumne Hill 

Montague 

Monterey 

Monterio 

Mount Hamilton 

Mount Tamalpais 

Mountain View 

Napa City 

Napa (S. H.) 

Needles 

Nevada City 

New Almaden 

Newark 

Newcastle 

Newhall 

Newman 

Nicolaus 

Niles (near) 

Nordhoff (near) 

North Bloomfield 

North Hill Vineyard 

North Ontario 

North San Juan 

Norwalk 

Oakdale 

Oakland. 

Ogilby 

Oleta 

Ontario (near) 

Orland 

Orleans 

Oroville (near) 

Pajaro 

Palermo 

Palm Springs 

Pasadena 

Paso Robles 

Peachland 

Petaluma 

Pigeon Point 

Pilarcitos . 

Pilot Creek 

Pine Crest 

Placerville 

Pleasanton 

Point Ano Nuevo (L. H.). 

Point Arena (L. H.) 

Point Bonita (L. H.) 

Point Conception (L. H.). 

Point Lobes 

Port Los Angeles 

Point Montara (L. H.). . . 

Point Reyes 

Pollasky 

Pomona 

Porterville 

Poway 

Princeton, 

Puente. .'. 

Quincy 

Ravenna 

Red Bluff 

Redding 

Redlands 

Reedley 

Represa 

Rings Station 

Riverside 

Rio Vista 

Rocklin 

Rosewood 

Sacramento 

Sacramento (2) 



Kern 

Calaveras 

Siskiyou 

Monterey 

Kern 

Santa Clara 

Marin 

Santa Clara 

Napa 

do 

San Bernardino . 

Nevada 

Santa Clara 

Alameda 

Placer 

Los Angeles 

Stanislaus 

Sutter 

Alameda 

Ventura 

Nevada 

Calaveras 

San Bernardino. 

Nevada 

Los Angeles 

Stanislaus 

Alameda 

Imperial 

Amador 

San Bernardino. 

Glenn 

Humboldt 

Butte 

Monterey 

Butte 

Riverside 

Los Angeles 

San Luis Obispo. 

Sonoma , 

do 

San Mateo 

do 

Eldorado 

Santa Barbara. .. 

Eldorado 

Alameda 

San Mateo 

Mendocino 

Marin 

Santa Barbara. .. 

San Francisco 

Los AngeJes 

San Mateo 

Marin 

Fresno 

Los Angeles 

Tulare 

San Diego 

Colusa 

Los Angeles 

Plumas 

Los Angeles 

Tehama 

Shasta 

San Bernardino. . 

Fresno 

Sacramento 

San Barnardino. . 

Riverside 

Solano 

Placer 

Tehama 

Sacramento 

....do 



Feet. 
2,751 
1,550 
2,450 
15 
4,500 
4,440 
2,375 



20 
60 
477 
2,580 
340 
25 
970 
1,200 
91 
42 
87 
3,210 
3,200 
660 
1,750 
2,130 
95 
156 
36 
354 
1,510 
860 
254 
520 
250 
22 
213 
584 
828 
800 
190 
10 
150 
620 
4,000 
1,000 
1,875 
353 



156 
124 

258 
250 
25 



490 
1,200 
860 
464 
460 
57 
320 
3,400 
2,262 
307 
552 
1,352 
347 
305 
4,300 
851 
28 
249 
865 
71 
35 



1907 



1907 



1906 



1905 
1908 
1902 



1903 



1903 
1901 
1904 



1884 



1890 



1902 
1902 



1908 
1887 



1904 
L882 



1906 
1908 
1903 



52102°— Bui, 188—10- 



50 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 

Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 

CALIFORNIA— Continued. 



Eleva- 


Number 


Record 


J.N Ul lllcil 


tion. 


of vp?>r<2 

recorded. 


ended— 


T^rppi ni- 
* 


Jteet. 






Inches. 


40 


35 


1908 


15. 


377 


16 


1884 


46. 


236 


28 


1902 


9. 7 


1, 054 


38 


1908 


15. 8 


93 


38 


1908 


10. 5 


207 


38 


1908 


24. 2 


452 


10 


. 1899 


15. 3 


2, 560 


10 


1887 


20. 7 


1,550 


16 


1908 


11.7 


95 


34 


1908 


14. 8 


. 50 


12 


1906 


22. 4 


201 


14 


1908 


21. 5 


22 


35 


1908 


21. 7 


616 


22 


1908 


10. 6 


500 


8 


1901 


10. 9 


10 


10 


1899 


11. 


56 


1 


1904 


37. 5 


371 


on 


1908 


10. 7 


137 


14 


1902 


12. 1 


130 


41 


1908 


16. 6 


90 


27 


1908 


16. 1 


20 
996 


31 
20 


1908 
1908 


27. 
26. 4 


220 


23 


1908 


13. 1 


110 


24 


1908 


13. 4 


350 


15 


1903 


14. 8 


181 


20 


1908 


30. 7 


2, 570 
311 


30 


1889 


25. 2 


23 


1908 


8. 


1, 049 


13 


1908 


49. 9 


1 , 415 


10 


1899 


34. 4 


1. 400 


12 


1908 


17. 4 


3, 555 


20 


1908 


36. 1 


800 


9 


1880 


30. 7 


188 


35 


1908 


9. 


30 


18 


1906 


26. 7 


23 


18 


1890 


15. 9 


705 


15 


1890 


12. 8 


23 


59 


1908 


15. 4 


296 


9 


1908 


9. 8 


20 


29 


1908 


19. 9 


5, 270 


12 


1907 


48. 8 


7, 017 


38 


1908 


46. 6 


422 


14 


1888 


5. 1 


4, 195 


20 


1908 


22. 9 


3, 964 


30 


1906 


10. 5 


220 


38 


1908 


18. 5 


1,500 


7 


1905 


9. 6 


773 


12 


1899 


17. 2 


335 


7 


1885 


21. 4 


244 


8 


1906 


14. 7 


3,704 


23 


1908 


51. 7 


64 


29 


1908 


10. 1 


291 


13 


1899 


8. 7 


428 


11 


1899 


14. 8 


5,819 


38 


1908 


26. 9 


274 


15 


1908 


7. 7 


106 


21 


1899 


10. 2 


620 


32 


1908 


34. 9 


1,750 


12 


1908 1 


16. 1 


1,350 


24 


1908 


26.1 


244 


17 


1903 


63. 7 


175 


29 


1908 


27.9 


073 


20 


1908 


23.2 


50 


14 


1905 


21.1 


213 


14 


1902 


21.5 


334 


21 


1908 


9.9 


220 


17 


1905 


1.6 


75 


10 


1899 


19.6 


336 


9 


1908 


4.9 


23 


13 


1908 


23.8 


2.1P2 


16 


1885 


38.3 


90 


20 


1908 


10.6 


90 


10 
6 


1889 
1899 


16.0 
40.5 



Station. 



Salinas 

San Andreas Reservoir. 

San Ardo 

San Bernardino 

San Diego 

San Francisco 

San Gabriel 

San Gorgonio Pass 

San Jacinto 

San Jose 

San Leandro 

San Luis Obispo 

San Mateo 

San Miguel 

San Miguel Island 

San Pedro 

San Rafael 

Sanger 

Santa Ana 

Santa Barbara 

Santa Clara , 

Santa Cruz 

Santa Margarita 

Santa Maria 

Santa Monica 

Santa Paula 

Santa Rosa 

Scott Valley 

Selma 

Shasta 

Shingle Springs 

Sierra Madre 

Sisson 

Smartville 

Soledad 

Sonoma 

South Vallejo 

Spadra 

Stockton (S. H.) 

Storey 

Suisun 

Summerdale 

Summit 

Sumner 

Susanville 

Tehachapi 

Tehama 

Teion Rancho 

Templeton 

Tennant 

Tequisquita Rancho 

Towle 

Tracy 

T raver 

Tropico 

Truckee 

Tulare (near) 

Turlock 

Ukiah 

Upland 

Upper Lake 

Upper Mattole 

Var'aville 

Valley Springs 

Ventura 

Vina 

Visalia 

Volcano Springs 

Walnut Creek 

Wasco 

Watson ville 

Weaverville 

Westlev 

West Butte 

West Point 



County. 



Monterey 

San Mateo 

Monterey 

San Bernardino. . 

San Diego 

San Francisco 

Los Angeles 

San Bernardino. . 

Riverside 

Santa Clara 

Alameda 

San Luis Obispo. 

San Mateo 

San Luis Obispo. 
Santa Barbara.. . 

Los Angeles 

Marin 

Fresno 

Orange 

Santa Barbara. .. 

Santa Clara 

Santa Cruz 

San Luis Obispo. 
Santa Barbara. .. 

Los Angeles 

Ventura 

Sonoma 

Siskiyou 

Fresno 

Shasta 

Fldorado 

Los Angeles 

Siskiyou 

Yuba 

Monterey 

Sonoma 

Solano 

Los Angeles 

San Joaquin 

Madera 

Solano 

Marinosa 

San Bernardino. . 

Kern 

Lassen 

Kern 

Tehama 

Kern 

San Luis Obispo. 

Santa Clara 

....do 

Placer 

San Joaquin 

Tulare 

Los Angeles 

Nevada 

Tulare 

Stanislaus 

Mendocino 

San Bernardino. . 

Lake 

Humboldt 

Solano 

Calaveras 

Ventura 

Tehama 

Tulare. . .". 

Imperial 

Contra Costa. . . . 

Kern 

Santa f ruz 

Trinitv 

Stanislaus 

Sutter 

Calaveras 



188 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 



51 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 

CALIFORNIA— Continued. 



Station. 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



Wheatland 

Whittier. 

Williams 

Willow 

Winters 

Wire Bridge 

Woodland 

Yerba Buena (L. H.) 

Yreka 

Yuba City 



Yuba 

Los Angeles. . 

Colusa 

Glenn 

Yolo 

Placer 

Yolo 

San Francisco 

Siskiyou 

Sutter 



Feet. 

84 
239 

89 
136 
136 
565 

63 
345 
2,635 

70 



1908 
1902 
1905 
1908 
1903 
1901 
1908 
1890 
1901 
1902 



COLORADO. 



Akron 

Alford 

Alma 

Ashcroft 

Blaine 

Boulder 

Box Elder 

Breckenridge 

Burlington 

Cannon City 

Castle Rock 

Cedar Edge 

Cheesman 

Cheyenne Wells 

Clear View 

Collbran 

Colorado Springs 

Cope 

Cripple Creek 

Crook 

Delta 

Denver 

Dumont 

Durango 

Fort Collins. 

Fort Garland 

Fort Lewis 

Fort Lyon 

Fort Massachusetts 

Fort Morgan 

Fox 

Fruita 

Garnett 

Georgetown 

Oilman 

Glen Eyrie 

Glenwood Springs (near) 

Grand Junction 

Grand Valley 

Greeley 

Gunnison 

Hamps , 

Hermosa 

Hoehne (near) 

Holly 

Holyoke 

Hugo 

Husted (near) 

Idaho Springs 

Lake Moraine 

Lamar 

La Porte 

Las Animas 

Lay 

Leadville 

Le Roy (near) 

Longmont 

Longs Peak (near) 

Mancos 

188 



Washington . 

Larimer 

Park 

Pitkin 

Baca 

Boulder 

Larimer 

Summit 

Kit Carson. . 

Fremont 

Douglas 

Delta 

Jefferson 

Cheyenne. . . 
Las Animas. 

Mesa 

El Paso 

Washington . 

Teller 

Logan 

Delta 

Denver 

Clear Creek . 

La Plata 

Larimer 

Costilla 

La Plata 

Bent 

Huerfano. . . 

Morgan 

Yuma 

Mesa 

Costilla 

Clear Creek . 

Eagle 

El Paso 

Garfield 

Mesa 

Garfield 

Weld 

Gunnison. .. 

Elbert 

La Plata 

Las Animas. 

Prowers 

Phillips 

Lincoln 

El Paso 

Clear Creek. . 

El Paso 

Prowers 

Larimer 

Bent 

Routt 

Lake 

Logan 

Boulder 

Larimer 

Montezuma . 



4, 650 


6 


1908 


• 

19. 1 




11 


1905 


17.8 


10, 228 


10 


1896 


14. 1 


9, 483 


9 


1909 


19. 7 


3,935 


18 


1909 


15. 7 


5, 347 


14 


1909 


18. 2 


12 


1902 


16. 6 


9, 536 


19 


1908 


25. 5 


4, 160 


7 


1909 


20. 4 


5,329 


21 


1909 


12. 2 


6, 220 


18 


1909 


17. 2 


6, 175 


11 


1902 


11.3 


6, 890 


7 


1909 


14. 3 


4,279 


16 


1909 


16. 6 


9, 500 


17 


1906 


22. 9 


6,000 
6, 098 


17 

30 
13 


1909 
1909 
1909 


15. 
14.3 
19. 5 


9, 396 


9 


1909 


17. 2 


3,695 


7 


1899 


15.9 


4,965 


20 


1909 


8. 1 


5,272 


38 


1909 


14.0 


8,000 


10 


1900 


18. 6 


6 534 


17 


1909 


17. 8 


4^985 


28 


1909 


14! 8 


7,937 


22 


1883 


12.7 


8,500 


10 


1890 


17.2 


4,000 


20 


1889 


11.1 


8,365 


6 


1858 


17.2 


4,319 


12 


1909 


12.3 


12 


1903 


16.6 


4,510 


11 


1909 


10.3 


7, 576 


17 


1909 


6.6 


8,550 


8 


1909 


12.5 


8,500 


14 


1903 


19.2 


6,500 


18 


1909 


15.9 


5,823 


11 


1908 


13.1 


4,608 


19 


1909 


8.5 


5,089 


18 


1909 


12.6 


4, 637 


19 


1909 


12.3 


7,670 


17 


1909 


9.3 


5,400 


17 


1909 


14.0 


6.700 


7 


1882 


14.3 


5, 700 


18 


1909 


13.9 


3,386 


15 


1909 


14.8 




7 


1902 


15.2 


5,068 


7 


1901 


16.5 


6,596 


18 


1904 


15.8 


7.543 


10 


1909 


15.1 


10,265 


16 


1909 


25.1 


3,592 


20 


1909 


16.0 


5,069 


19 


1909 


15.6 


3,899 


42 


1909 


11.7 


6,162 


16 


1909 


12.5 


10, 248 


14 


1909 


13.8 


4,380 
4,935 


21 


1909 


16.5 


8 


1896 


15.2 


8,600 


13 


1908 


19.0 


6,960 


11 


1909 


17.9 



52 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to S tates— Continued. 

COLORADO— Continued. 



Station . 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



Meeker 

Minneapolis 

Montrose 

Moraine 

Pagoda 

Paonia 

Parachute 

Pikes Peak 

Platte Cannon 

Pueblo 

Rangeley 

Red Cliff 

Rico 

Rocky Ford (near) . 

Rogers Mesa 

Ruby 

Saguache 

Salida 

San Luis 

Santa Clara 

Seibert 

Sheridan Lake 

Silt (near) 

Smoky Hill Mine. . 

Springfield 

Stamford 

Steamboat Springs. 

Sugar Loaf 

Surface Creek 

Thon 

Trinidad 

Twin Lakes 

T. S. Ranch 

Vilas 

Wagon Wheel Gap. 

Walden 

Wallet 

Waterdale 

Westcliff 

White Pine 

Wray 

Yuma 



Rio Blanco. 

Baca 

Montrose . . . 

Larimer 

Routt 

Delta 

Garfield 

El Paso 

Jefferson 

Pueblo 

Rio Blanco. 

Eagle 

Dolores 

Otero 

Delta 

Gunnison.. . 
Saguache . . . 

Chaffee 

Costilla 

Huerfano. . . 
Kit Carson. . 

Kiowa 

Garfield 

Boulder 

Baca 

Las Animas. 

Routt 

Boulder 

Delta 

Elbert 

Las Animas. 

Lake 

Mesa 

Baca 

Mineral 

Jackson 

Kit Carson. . 

Larimer 

Custer 

Gunnison. .. 

Yuma. 

do 



Feet. 
6, 182 
3,935 
5,811 
7,775 
6,500 
5,694 
5,105 

14,134 
5,492 
4,734 
•5,050 
8,500 
8,737 
4,177 
5,345 

10, 000 
7,745 
7,035 
7,794 
8,500 
4,705 
4,065 
5, 441 
7,800 
4,400 
9,500 
6, 683 
7,800 
6,175 
6,500 
5,994 
9,200 
5,200 
4,155 
8,434 



5,206 
7,864 
9,500 
3,512 
4,128 



1909 
1906 
1909 
1909 
1904 



1909 
1909 



1909 
1903 
1902 
1907 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1901 
1909 
1906 
1898 



1909 
1903 
1897 
1896 
1906 
1902 
1901 
1909 
1906 
1901 
1902 



1908 
1909 



IDAHO. 



Albion 

American Falls 

Atlanta 

Blackfoot 

Blue Lakes 

Boise 

Buhl 

Burnside 

Caldwell 

Cambridge 

Chesterfield 

Dent 

Downey 

Ellerslie 

Emmett 

Forney 

Garnet 

Grangeville 

Gray 

Hailey 

Hotspring 

Idaho Falls.... 

Kellogg 

Kootenai 

Lake 

Lakeview 

Landore 

188 



Cassia 




5 


1904 


13.1 


Oneida 


4,341 


16 


1908 


14.1 


Elmore 


7,000 


5 


1899 


28.6 




4.503 


13 


1908 


9.7 


Lincoln 


3,225 


2 


1904 


11.9 


Ada 


2,770 


23 


1908 


12.7 


Twin Falls 


3,800 


2 


1908 


12.3 


Fremont 


5,500 


11 


1903 


10.4 


Canyon 


2,372 


3 


1907 


11.2 


Washington 


2.651 


13 


1908 


20.1 


Bannock 


5,424 


12 


1908 


12.3 


Nez Perces 


1,350 


2 


1908 


27.7 


Bannock 


5,425 


6 


1901 


9.3 


Elmore 


3,500 


3 


1907 


12.6 


Canyon 


2,350 


2 


1908 


11.4 


Lemhi 




12 


1908 


18.2 


Elmore 


2,575 


9 


1908 


7.3 


Idaho 


3,500 


5 


1904 


26.8 


Bingham- 




3 


1899 


11.4 


Blaine 


5,347 


4 


1901 


14.0 


Owyhee 


2,752 


3 


1908 


10.4 


Bingham 


4,742 


14 


1908 


14.6 


Shoshone 


2,330 


3 


1907 


29.5 


Bonner 


1,750 


8 


1900 


25.0 


Fremont 


6, 700 


16 


1908 


17.3 


Bonner 


2,250 


12 


1908 


28.7 


Washington 


5,300 


5 


1908 


37.9 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 



53 



Table VI. — Normal 'precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 



IDAHO— Continued. 



Station. 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



Lardo 

Lewiston 

Lost River 

Meadows 

Milner 

Moscow 

Mountainhome. 

Murray 

Murtaugh 

Oakley 

Ola 

Orofino 

Paris 

Payette 

Pocatello 

Pollock 

Poplars 

Porthill 

Priest River 

Riddle 

Roosevelt 

Rupert 

St. Maries 

Salem 

Salmon 

Soldier 

Standrod 

Swan Valley. . . 

Twin Falls 

Vernon 

Weston 



Boise 

Nez Perces. . 

Blaine 

Washington. 
Twin Falls.. 

Latah 

Elmore 

Shoshone. . . 
Twin Falls.. 

Cassia 

Boise 

Nez Perces. . 
Bear Lake. . 

Canyon 

Bannock 

Idaho 

Canyon 

Bonner 

....do 

Owyhee 

Idaho 

Lincoln 

Kootenai 

Fremont 

Lemhi 

Blaine 

Cassia 

Bingham. . . 
Twin Falls.. 

Fremont 

Oneida 



Feet. 
5,050 
757 
5,700 
3,950 
4,097 
2,748 
3,150 
2,750 



4,191 
3,100 
1.027 
5, 946 
2,159 
4,483 
2,050 
2,425 
1,665 
2,078 
6,200 
7,250 
4,204 
2,062 
5,000 
4,040 
5,140 



5,434 
3,825 



4,460 



4 

15 
14 

6 

5 
16 

3 
15 

2 

16 I 
11 
5 ! 
12 I 
16 



1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1905 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1904 
1908 
1908 
1905 
1903 
1900 
1908 
1908 
1907 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1899 
1908 
1908 
1905 



KANSAS. 



Dickinson 


1,157 


21 


1907 


29.7 


Rawlins 


2,827 


12 


1904 


20.9 


Riley 


1,100 


50 


1908 


30.2 


Wilson 


815 


10 


1901 


31.4 


Harper 


1,329 


11 


1907 


26.6 


Clark 


1,951 


22 


1908 


21.9 


Atchison 


973 


23 


1907 


37.4 


Brown 


1,182 


8 


1908 


34.9 


Mitchell 


1,383 


10 


1903 


26.7 


Coffey 


1,010 


15 


1908 


37.4 


Clay 


1,203 




1908 


35.5 


Thomas 


3,138 


22 


1908 


19.4 


Comanche 


2,090 


11 


1908' 


22.0 


Cherokee 


898 


19 


1908 


44.5 


Cloud 


1,398 


24 


1908 


27.5 


Hamilton 


3,346 


11 


1908 


15.8 


Kingman 


1,680 


24 


1907 


25.5 


Ford 


2,513 


34 


1908 


20.8 


Decatur 


2,731 


14 


1908 


23.0 


Butler 


1,291 


6 


1908 


34.0 


Barton 


1,788 


22 


1908 


24.5 


Lyon 


1,138 


25 


1908 


33.3 


Clark 


1,955 


14 


1906 


21.0 


Dickinson 


1,144 


6 


1908 


28.8 


Greenwood 


1,093 


14 


1908 


38.6 


do 


925 


12 


1908 


36.5 


Lane 


2,850 


8 


1908 


20.3 


Leavenworth 


788 


50 


1905 


32.6 


Geary 


1,070 


4 


1898 


25.9 


Bourbon 


857 


16 


1908 


42.4 


Marshall 


1,146 


14 


1908 


36.6 




2,836 


22 


1908 


18.8 


Trego 


2,475 


10 


1899 


17.5 


Gove 


2,750 


22 


1908 


20.4 


Elk 


1,116 


21 


1908 


32.2 


Jewell 


1,804 


7 


1908 


30.9 


Ellis 


2,000 


39 


1908 


23.5 


Brown 


1,188 


19 


1908 


33. 1 



Abilene 

Achilles 

Agricultural College. 

Altoona 

Anthony 

Ashland 

Atchison 

Baker 

Beloit 

Burlington 

Clay Center 

Colby 

Cold water 

Columbus 

Concordia 

Coolidge 

Cunningham 

Dodge City 

Dresden 

Eldorado 

Ellin wood 

Emporia 

Englewood 

Enterprise 

Eureka 

Fall River 

Farnsworth 

Fort Leavenworth... 

Fort Riley 

Fort Scott 

Frankfort 

Garden City 

Gibson 

Gove 

Grenola..: 

Harrison 

Hays 

Horton 

188 



54 DRY FARMING IF RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 

KANSAS— Continued. 



Station. 



County. 


.Eleva- 
tion. 


Number 
of years 
recorded. 


-Kecord. 
ended — ■ 




Feet. 






Sheridan 


2,700 


11 


1908 


Reno 


1,535 


18 


1908 


Montgomery 


816 


36 


1908 


Allen 


984 


3 


1908 


Hodgeman 


2,268 


7 


1908 


Jackson 


1,029 


21 


"1908 


Rush 


2,061 


6 


1908 


Douglas 


874 


41 


1908 


Coffey 


1,138 


22 


1908 


Kearney . 


2/993 


18 


1908 


Pawnee 


2,090 


13 


1907 


Smith 


1,812 


10 


1908 


McPherson 


1,495 


18 


1908 


Stafford 


2,032 


15 


1908 


Greenwood 


1,074 


7 


1908 


Riley 


1,014 


18 


1908 


Marion 


1,310 


15 


1908 


Barber 


1,475 


13 


1905 


Ottawa 


1,259 


19 


1908 


Allen 


1,098 


13 


1908 


Sedgwick 


1,410 


11 


1908 


Harvey 


1,454 


11 


1908 


Norton 


2,284 


10 


1908 


Kingman 


1,496 


12 


1908 


Decatur 


2,539 


21 


1907 


Johnson 


1 032 


14 


1908 


Osage 


L081 


11 


1908 


Osborne 


1,557 


21 


1904 


Labette 


899 


19 


1908 


Franklin 


926 


14 


1908 


Phillips 


1,939 


22 


1908 


Linn 


862 


6 


1908 


Pratt 


1,950 


13 


1908 


Republic 


1,495 


6 


1908 


Sumner 


1,218 


22 


1908 


Russell 


1,834 


6 


1908 


Saline 


1,227 


24 


1908 


Chautauqua 


834 


23 


1908 


Shawnee 


992 


22 


1908 


Woodson 


1,040 


11 


1908 


Greeley 


3,650 




1900 
1908 


Grant 


3,027 


11 


Jefferson 


913 


9 


1908 


Morton 


3,215 


12 


1904 


Trego 


2,456 


7 


1907 


Wallace 


3,303 


39 


1908 


Crawford 


940 


6 


1908 


Pottawatomie 


1,002 


14 


1908 


Sedgwick 


1,377 


21 


1908 


Cowley 


1,124 


11 


1908 


Woodson 


1.068 


27 


1908 



Hoxie 

Hutchinson 

Independence 

Iola 

Jetmore 

Kansas City (Mo.). 

Lacrosse 

Lawrence 

Lebo 

Lakin 

Larned 

Lebanon 

McPherson 

Macksville 

Madison 

Manhattan 

Marion 

Medicine Lodge 

Minneapolis 

Moran 

Mount Hope 

Newton 

Norton 

Norwich , 

Oberlin 

Olathe 

Osage City 

Osborne 

Oswego 

Ottawa 

Phillipsburg 

Pleasanton 

Pratt 

Republic 

Rome 

Russell 

Salina 

Sedan 

Topeka 

Toronto 

Tribune 

Ulysses 

Valley Falls 

Viroqua 

Wakeeney (near) . . . 

Wallace 

Walnut 

Wamego 

Wichita 

Winfield 

Yates Center 



MONTANA. 



Cascade 


5,200 


9 


1907 


17.9 


Gallatin 


4,700 


11 


1908 


17.2 


Deer Lodge 


5,300 


7 


1908 


12.9 


Lewis and Clark 


4,071 


10 


1908 


15.8 


Yellow Stone 


3,115 


9 


1908 


14.9 


Jefferson 


4,904 


12 


1905 


9.6 


Gallatin 


4,700 


5 


1897 


17.5 


Rosebud 


6 


1908 


14.8 


Silver Bow 


5,716 


15 


1908 


13.1 


Lewis and Clark 


3,644 


10 


1908 


12.1 


Chouteau 


2, 502 


9 


1906 


13.1 


Teton 


6 


1897 
1908 


15.5 


Flathead 


3,098 


3 


22.2 


Rosebud 


3,041 


26 


1908 


14.5 


Valley 


1,927 


6 


1906 


13.5 


Flathead 




5 


1908 


15.3 


Lewis and Clark 


4,590 


6 


1898 


15.6 


Beaverhead 


5,147 


9 


1908 


18.3 



Adel 

Agricultural College 

Anaconda 

Augusta 

Billings 

Boulder 

Bozeman 

Busby 

Butte 

Canyon Ferry 

Chinook 

Chouteau 

Columbia Falls 

Crow Agency 

Culbertson 

Dayton 

Dearborn Canyon... 
Dillon 

188 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OP THE WESTERN STATES. 



55 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 

MONTANA— Continued. 



Station. 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended — 



Fort Benton. 
Fort Keogh.. 
Fort Logan. . 
Fort Shaw... 

Glasgow 

Glendive 

Great Falls.. 

Hamilton 

Havre 

Helena 

Hogan 

Kalispell 

KiPP 

Lewistown . . 
Livingston . . . 
Martinsdale.. 
Marysville. . . 
Miles City. .. 

Missoula 

Ovando 

Philipsburg.. 

Plains 

Poplar 

Red Lodge. . 

Renova 

Springbrook. 
St. Pauls.... 

St. Peter 

Troy 

Twinbridge. . 

Two Dot 

Utica 

Virginia City . 
Yale 



Chouteau 

Custer 

Meagher 

Cascade 

Valley 

Dawson 

Cascade 

Ravalli 

Chouteau 

Lewis arid Clark. 

do 

Flathead 

Teton 

Fergus 

Park 

Meagher 

Lewis and Clark . 

Custer 

Missoula 

Powell 

Granite 

Sanders 

Valley 

Carbon 

Jefferson 

Dawson 

Chouteau 

Cascade 

Lincoln 

Madison 

Meagher 

Fergus 

Madison 

Fergus 



Feet. 
2,630 
2,350 
6,000 
3,500 



2,069 
3,350 
3,575 
2,505 
4,110 
4,590 
2,965 
4,472 
4,010 
4,488 
4,800 
5,370 
2,371 
3,225 
4,207 
5,273 
2,473 
2,020 
5,548 
4, 383 



4,150 
4,500 
1,881 
4,650 
4,800 
5,000 
5,880 
3,990 



1902 
1908 
1900 
1907 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1897 
1908 
1899 
1908 
1908 
1901 
1906 
1908 
1907 
1907 
1908 
1908 
1908 



1908 
1904 
1905 
1908 
1905 
1902 
1908 
1897 
1905 



NEBRASKA. 



Agate 

A gee 

Albion 

Alliance 

Alma 

Anoka 

Ansley 

Arapahoe . . . 
Arborville . . 

Arcadia 

Ashland 

Ashton 

Auburn 

Aurora 

Bartley 

Bassett 

Beatrice 

Beaver City 
Bellevue. . . 
Benkelman. 

Blair 

Bluehill.... 
Bradshaw. . 
Bridgeport. 
Brokenbow. 
Burchard. . . 

Burwell 

Callaway... 
Cambridge . 
Central City 
Columbus. . 
Creighton . . 

Crete 

Culbertson. 
Curtis 

188 



Sioux 




7 
12 
11 
11 
12 

3 


1906 
1903 
1906 
1906 
1909 
1909 


15.7 

23.9 
26.6 
16.4 
24.0 
26.9 


Holt 




Boone 

Boxbutte 

Harlan 

Boyd 


1,747 
3,968 
1,939 










Custer 


2,307 


15 


1904 


22.5 


Furnas 


2, 173 


7 


1901 


20.4 


York 




11 


1902 
1909 


27.4 


Valley 


2,186 


10 


26.2 


Saunders 


1,120 


26 


1909 


30.3 


Sherman 


2,061 


15 


1908 


23.8 


Nemaha 


1,051 


17 


1909 


35.8 


Hamilton 


1,792 


13 


1908 


28.8 


Redwillow 


2.325 


6 


1904 


19.6 


Rock 


2,323 


6 


1896 


20.1 


Gage 


1,247 


18 


1909 


30.2 


Furnas 


2,147 


18 


1909 


21.9 


Sarpy 


1,210 


27 


1909 


29.9 


Dundy 


2,968 


9 


1903 


19.3 


V/ ashington 


1,122 


14 


1909 


32.2 


Webster 


1,967 


14 


1908 


27.9 


York 


1,715 


11 


1909 


37.5 


Morrill 


3,800 


13 


1909 


16.1 


Custer 


2,477 


14 


1909 


25.2 




1,377 


14 


1908 


32.9 


Garfield 


2,180 


17 


1907 


23.1 


Custer 


2,555 


12 


1906 


22.7 


Furnas 


2.258 


2 


1909 


20.5 


Merrick 


1.708 


11 


1900 


23.9 


Platte 


1,441 


16 


1909 


27.0 


Knox 


1,600 


11 


1899 


24.5 


Saline 


1,368 


26 


1909 


29.2 


Hitchcock 


2,565 


21 


1908 


19.7 


Frontier 


2,553 


10 


1905 


23.5 



56 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 

NEBRA SKA— Continued. 



Station. 



County. 



F] ! Number 
Yi n a of years 
tlon - recorded. 



Rrcord 
ended— 



David City 

Dawson 

Duff 

Edgar 

Ericson 

Ewing 

Fairbury 

Fairmont 

Franklin 

Fremont 

Fort Robinson. . 

Fullerton 

Geneva 

Genoa 

Gering 

Gosper 

Gothenburg 

Grand Island 

Greeley 

Guiderock 

Haigler 

Halsey 

Hartington 

Harvard 

Hastings 

Hayes Center 

Hay Springs 

Hebron 

Holbrook 

Holdrege 

Hooper 

Imperial 

Kearney 

Kennedy 

Kimball 

Kirkwood 

Lexington 

Lincoln 

Lodgepole 

Loup 

Lynch 

McCook 

McCool Junction . 

Madison 

Madrid 

Marquette 

Mason City 

Minden 

Monroe 

Nebraska City . . . 

Nesbit 

Norfolk 

North Loup 

North Platte 

Oakdale 

Odell 

Omaha 

Ord 

O'Neil 

Ough 

Palmer 

Palmyra 

Pawnee City 

Plattsmouth 

Plymouth 

Purdum 

Ravenna 

Redcloud 

Republican 

Rulo 

St. Libory 

St. Paul 

Santee 

Schuyler 



Butler 

Richardson . 

Rock 

Clay 

"Wheeler 

Holt 

Jefferson . . . 
Fillmore . . . 
Franklin... 

Dodge 

Dawes 

Nance 

Fillmore . . . 

Nance 

Scottsbluff. 

Gosper 

Dawson 

Hall 

Greeley 

Webster . . . 

Dundy 

Thomas 

Cedar 

Clay 

Adams 

Hayes 

Sheridan... 

Thayer 

Furnas 

Phelps 

Dodge 

Chase 

Buffalo 

Cherry 

Kimball... 

Rock 

Dawson 

Lancaster . . 
Cheyenne. . 
Sherman... 

Boyd 

Red willow. 

York 

Madison . . . 

Perkins 

Hamilton. . 

Custer 

Kearney . . . 

Platte 

Otoe 

McPherson. 
Madison . . . 

Valley 

Lincoln 

Antelope. . . 

Gage 

Douglas 

Valley 

Hoit: 

Dundy 

Merrick 

Otoe 

Pawnee 

Cass 

Jefferson . . . 

Blaine 

Buffalo 

Webster... 

Harlan 

Richardson. 

Howard 

....do 

Knox 

Colfax , 



Feet. 



607 
945 



3S5 




i9oe 

1909 
1908 
1909 
1904 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1908 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1902 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1906 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1906 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1903 
1909 
1908 
1907 
1909 
1908 
1901 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1908 
1901 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1901 
1896 
1904 
1908 
1909 
1904 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1900 
1900 
1909 
1909 



188 



FORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 



57 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 

NEBRASKA— Continued. 



Station. 



ScottsblufE 

Seneca 

Seward 

Sidney 

Springview 

Stanton 

Stratton 

Superior 

Syracuse 

Tekamah 

Tablerock 

Tecumseh 

Turlington 

University Farm 

Valentine 

Wahoo 

Wakefield 

Wauneta 

Weepingwater. . . 

Westpoint 

Whitman 

Wilber 

Wilsonville 

Winnebago 

Wisner 

Wymore 

York 



County. 



ScottsblufE. 
Thomas. . . 

Seward 

Cheyenne . . 
Keyapaha . 

Stanton 

Hitchcock . 
Nuckolls... 

Otoe 

Burt 

Pawnee 

Johnson 

Otoe 

Lancaster. . 

Cherry 

Saunders.. . 

Dixon 

Chase 



Cuming. . 

Grant 

Saline 

Furnas.. . 
Thurston. 
Cuming.. 

Gage 

York 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Feet. 
4, 662 
2,971 
1,435 
4,090 



1,472 
2,804 
1,570 
1,059 
1,060 
1,023 
1,114 
1,224 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



2,85£ 
1,187 
1,387 



1,080 
1,313 
3,588 
1,325 



1,380 
1,222 
1,633 



3 
7 
19 
a 17 
16 
18 
12 
24 
32 
19 
21 
31 
17 
24 
21 

15 
11 

32 
23 
11 
15 
7 
5 
14 
6 
20 



Record 
ended — 



1900 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1901 
1909 
1901 
1905 
1909 
1903 
1909 



NEVADA. 



Austin 

Battle Mountain. 

Belmont 

Beowawe 

Camp Halleck. . . 
Camp McDermit. 

Candelaria 

Carlin 

Carson City 

Cedar Pass" 

Cranes Ranch ... 

Elko 

Ely 

Fernley 

Golconda 

Halleck 

Harthorne 

Hot Springs 

Humboldt 

Iron Point 

Lewers Ranch . . 

Lovelock 

Martins Ranch .. 

Mill City 

Otego 

Palisade 

Palmetto 

Pioche 

Potts 

Reno 

Tecoma 

Tonopah 

Toano 

Tybo 

Verdi 

Wadsworth 

Wells 

Winnemucca 



Lander 

do 

Nye 

Eureka 

Elko 

Humboldt . . 
Esmeralda. . 

Elko 

Ormsby.... 

Elko 

do 

do 

White Pine. 

Lyon 

Humboldt. . 

Elko 

Esmeralda. , 
Churchill..., 
Humboldt. . 

do 

Washoe 

Humboldt . . 

Douglas 

Humboldt. . 

Elko 

Eureka 

Esmeralda . . 

Lincoln 

Nye 

Washoe 

Elko 

Nve 

Elko 

Nye 

Washoe 

Washoe 

Elko 

Humboldt. . 



6,594 


15 


1903 


11.6 


4,843 


35 


1905 


7.1 


8,132 


13 


1904 


10.5 


4,695 


32 


1902 


6.4 


5,671 


14 


1886 


15.0 


4,700 


21 


1888 


13.2 


5,783 


15 


1904 


5.0 


4,897 


30 


1900 


6.5 


4,660 


27 


1906 


12.3 




7 


1877 


12.5 


5,350 


17 


1904 


10.0 


5.063 


31 


1901 


6.9 


6,000 


18 


1908 


12.3 


4,200 
4,697 


2 


1908 


5.6 


30 


1908 


6.0 


5,631 


16 


1908 


9.4 


4,569 


17 


1904 


4.4 


4,072 


20 


1889 


3.5 


4,236 


35 


1906 


5.5 


4,375 


8 


1877 


7.4 


5,500 


21 


1908 


26.1 


3,977 


10 


1901 


2.4 


4,830 


6 


1904 


12.0 


4,225 


17 

8 


1905 
1886 


5.2 
8.0 


4,821 


21 


1902 


8.0 


6,780 


18 


1907 


14.6 


6.110 


9 


1890 


11.2 


6,990 


16 


1908 


7.5 


4,532 


38 


1908 


10.4 


4,812 


31 


1908 


6.5 


6,690 


2 


1908 


10.2 


5,975 


33 


1902 


8.3 


6,500 


10 


1901 


9.5 


4,895 


12 


1901 


15.8 


4,077 


32 


1903 


4.3 


5,623 


30 


1901 


9.1 


4,432 


30 


1908 


8.4 



188 



a Except the months of January and February. 



58 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 



NEW MEXICO. 



Station. 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



Agricultural College. 

Alamogordo 

Albert 

Albuquerque 

Alma 

Aztec 

Bell Ranch 

Bernalillo 

Bloomfield 

Blue water 

Cambray 

Camp Burgwin 

Carlsbad 

Chama 

Cliff 

Cloudcroft 

Deming 

Dorsey 

Eagle Rock Ranch.. 

East Las Vegas 

Eddy 

Elk 

Engle 

Espanola 

Folsom 

Fort Bayard 

Fort Craig 

Fort Fillmore 

Fort Selden 

Fort Stanton 

Fort Thorn 

Fort Union 

Fort Wingate 

Fruitland 

Gage 

Galisteo 

Gallinas Springs.. . 

Gila 

Hillsboro 

Las Cruces 

Las Vegas 

Lava 

Lordsburg 

Los Lunas 

Lower Penasco 

Lyons Ranch 

Mesilla Park 

Mountainair 

Puerto de Luna 

Raton 

Rincon 

Roswell 

San Marcial 

San Rafael 

Santa Fe 

Shattucks 

Socorro 

Springer 

Strauss 

Taos 

White Oaks 

Winsors 



Dona Ana 

Otero 

Union 

Bernalillo 

Socorro 

San Juan 

San Miguel 

Sandoval 

San Juan 

Valencia 

Luna 

Taos 

Eddy 

Rio Arriba 

Grant 

Otero 

Luna 

Colfax 

Union.... 

San Miguel 

Eddy 

Chaves 

Sierra 

Rio Arriba 

Union 

Grant 

Socorro 

Dona Ana 

do 

Lincoln 

Dona Ana 

Mora 

McKinley 

San Juan 

Luna 

Santa Fe 

San Miguel 

Grant 

Sierra 

Dona Ana 

San Miguel 

Socorro 

Grant 

Valencia 

Chaves 

Grant 

Dona Ana 

Torrance 

Guadalupe 

Colfax 

Dona Ana 

Chaves 

Socorro 

Valencia 

Santa Fe 

Eddy 

Socorro 

Colfax 

Dona Ana 

Taos 

Lincoln 

San Miguel 



Feet. 
3,863 
4,338 
4,700 
5, 200 
5,500 
5,590 
4, 500 
5, 2C0 
5.500 
6, 200 
4,215 
7,900 
3,120 
7,848 
4,470 
8, 653 
4,333 
6, 000 
6,000 
6,450 
3,122 



4,750 
5,590 
6,000 
6,152 
4,619 
3,937 
3,937 
6,231 
4,500 
6, 835 
6,997 
4,800 
4,486 
6,074 
5,272 
4,040 
5,224 
3,500 
6,384 
4,703 
4,245 
4,900 
5,250 
4,040 
3,868 
6,547 
5,350 
6,622 
4,031 
3,578 
4,554 
6,509 
7,013 
6,000 
4,600 
5,857 
4,080 
6,983 
6,470 
8,200 



902 



897 



907 



NORTH DAKOTA. 



Amenia 

Ashley 

Berlin 

Berthold Agency 

Bismarck 

Bottineau 

Buxton 

Cando 

188 



Cass 

Mcintosh . 
Lamoure. 
McLean. . 
Burleigh . 
Bottineau 
Traill.... 
Towner.. 



954 


12 


1908 


21.2 


2, 007 


13 


1905 


18.3 


1,470 


14 


1905 


20.6 


2,082 


13 


1908 


16.0 


1,674 


34 


1908 


17.6 


1,638 


14 


1908 


15.7 


930 


5 


1902 


16.5 


1,488 


7 


1907 


17.1 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 



59 



Table VI. 



■Normal 'precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 



NORTH DAKOTA— Continued. 



County. 


Eleva- 
tion. 


Number 
of years 
recorded. 


Record 
ended— 




_ 

a act. 








1, 458 


1 


1904 




1 901 


i3 


1908 




1 482 




1908 




2 543 


1 7 




Ward 


1 760 


g 


1907 


"R nlotto 




12 

a 
o 


1908 




1 468 


1908 




1 449 


12 


1904 




903 


15 


1906 




1 249 


12 


1905 




1 670 


26 


1907 




I 439 




1908 






g 


1902 




2 070 


10 


1905 




827 


16 


1906 




824 


9 


1905 


fitlltcTYlQTl 


1 390 


22 


1908 




1 134 


11 


1905 


Ward 


1 640 


15 


1908 


Traill 


975 


13 


1908 




2 225 


13 


1908 


Foster 


1 590 


12 


1908 




1 586 


10 


1902 




1, 557 


11 


1908 


Walsh. . . 


820 


16 


1908 


Benson 


1,459 


7 


1904 


Clay 


940 


29 


1908 


Logan 


1,955 


18 


1908 


Hettinger 


2,400 


13 


1908 






12 


1906 


Pembina 


789 


11 


1908 


Ward 


1,954 


13 


1906 


Richland 


1,020 


17 


1908 


Kidder 


1,857 


13 


1907 


Grand Forks 


830 


17 


1908 


Richland 


962 


13 


1904 


Williams 


1,875 


29 


1908 


Bottineau 


1,471 


15 


1907 


Cavalier 




10 


1902 







Station. 



Churchs Ferry . . 

Coal Harbor 

Devils Lake 

Dickinson 

Donnybrook. . . 

Dunseith 

Edgeley 

Ellendale 

Fargo 

Forman 

Fort Yates 

Fullerton 

Gallatin 

Glenullin 

Grafton 

Hamilton 

Jamestown 

Larimore 

McKinney 

Mayville." 

Medora 

Melville 

Milton 

Minot 

Minto 

Minnewaukon . . 
Moorhead, Minn 

Napoleon 

New England . . 

Oakdale 

Pembina 

Portal 

Power 

Steele 

University 

Wahpeton 

Williston 

Willow City.... 
Woodbridge 



OKLAHOMA. 



Arapaho 

Ardmore 

Beaver 

Blackburn 

Burnett 

Chandler 

Chickasha 

Cloud Chief 

Dacoma 

Durant 

Enid 

F airland 

Fort Reno 

Fort Sill 

Fort Smith (Ark.) 

Gage 

Guthrie 

Harrington 

Hartshorne 

Healdton 

Hennessey 

Hobart 

Holdenville 

Hopeton 

Jefferson 

Jenkins 

Kenton 

Kingfisher 

Lehigh 

McAlester 

McComb 

188 



Custer 

Carter 

Beaver 

Pawnee 

Pottawatomie. 

Lincoln 

Grady 

Washita 

Woods 

Bryan 

Garfield 

Ottawa 

Canadian 

Comanche 

Sebastian 

Ellis 

Logan . 

Roger Mills. . . 

Pittsburg 

Carter 

Kingfisher 

Kiowa 

Hughes 

Woods 

Grant 

Woods 

Cimarron 

Kingfisher 

Coal 

Pittsburg 

Pottawatomie. 



1,575 


15 


1908 


29.0 


872 


4 


1908 


38.9 


2,500 


9 


1908 


19.7 


800 


8 


1908 


46.5 


1,200 


11 


1902 


33.0 


865 


7 


1908 


38.5 


1,091 




1908 


31.9 


1,400 


7 


1908 


32.0 


1,337 


11 


1908 


28.7 


643 


7 


1908 


43.3 


1,269 


10 


1908 


32.5 


839 


9 


1908 


42.2 


1,400 


21 


1908 


30.4 


1,200 


37 


1908 


30.9 


457 


28 


1908 


44.7 


2, 136 


6 


1908 


28.2 


1,000 


16 


1908 


33.2 


5 


1908 


30.7 


700 


10 


1908 


44.3 


900 


18 


1908 


37.1 


1,166 


12 


1908 


31.5 


1,396 


6 


1908 


31.7 


900 


8 
2 


1908 
1899 


43.2 
29.4 


1,062 


15 


1908 


30.4 


1, 337 


8 


1905 


27.0 


4,000 


8 


1908 


15.5 


1,046 


11 


1908 


35.8 


593 


8 


1900 


34.9 


698 


13 


1908 


46.0 


1,200 


17 


1908 


34.0 



60 DKY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Table VI.— Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 

OKLAHOMA— Continued. 



Station. 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended — 



Mangum 

Mario w. .■ 

Meeker 

Muskogee 

Newkirk 

Norman 

Oklahoma 

Okmulgee 

Pawhuska 

Perry , 

Prudence 

Ravia 

Sac and Fox Agency 

Shawnee 

South McAlester. . . , 

Stillwater 

Temple 

Tulsa (1) 

Tahlequah 

Taloga 

Vinita , 

Vittum 

Wagoner 

Waukomis 

Weatherford 

Webbers Falls.. 

Whiteagle 

Winn view 

Woodward 



Greer 

Stephens 

Lincoln 

Muskogee 

Kay 

Cleveland 

Oklahoma 

Okmulgee 

Osage 

Noble 

Major 

Johnston 

Lincoln 

Pottawatomie . . 
Choctaw Nation . 

Payne 

Comanche 

Tulsa 

Cherokee 

Dewey 

Craig 

Logan 

Wagoner 

Garfield 

Custer 

Muskogee 

Kay 

Blaine 

Woodward 



Feet. 
1.585 
1,292 
1,030 
614 
1,149 
1,180 
1,247 
752 
918 
920' 



796 
900 
1,041 
698 
880 
925 
700 
790 



940 
588 
1,258 
1,639 
479 
945 



2,300 



1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1900 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1905 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1902 
1903 
1908 
1900 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1899 
1901 



OREGON. 



Albany 

Alpha 

Arlington 

Ashland 

Astoria 

Aurora 

Baker City 

Bandon 

Bay City 

Bend 

Beulah 

Blalock 

Brownsville 

Buckhorn Farm 

Bull Run 

Burns 

Cascade Locks 

Comstock 

Coquille River Light-House 

Corvallis 

Dayville 

Doraville 

Drain 

Ella 

Eugene 

Fairview 

Falls City 

Forest Grove 

Gardiner 

Glenora 

Gold Beach 

Government Camp 

Grants Pass 

Happy Valley 

Hare 

Head works 

Heppner 

Hood River 

Huntington 

Irvington 

Jacksonville 

188 



Linn 


214 


32 


1908 


44.7 


Lane 


250 


7 


1906 


87.1 


Gilliam 


855 


14 


1904 


9.1 


Jackson 


1,940 


21 


1908 


20.1 


Clatsop 


11 


49 


1908 


74.5 


Marion 


144 


10 


1901 


46.7 


Baker 


3,464 


20 


1908 


12.8 


Coos 


55 


27 


1899 


68.6 


Tillamook 


225 


14 


1908 


108.3 


Crook 




6 


1907 


13.7 


Malheur 


3,269 
237 


14 


1905 


10.7 


Gilliam 


10 


1908 


10.4 


Linn 


346 


11 


1902 


36.9 


Josephine 


1,300 


10 


1908 


70.3 


Clackamas 


719 


10 


1907 


76.3 


Harney 


4,157 


19 


1908 


10.5 


Hood River 


100 


30 


1908 


79.0 


Douglas 


473 


11 


1902 


36.8 


Coos 


13 


10 


1907 


57.5 


Benton 


319 


20 


1908 


41.8 


Grant 


1,500 


14 


1908 


12.5 


Columbia 


600 


7 


1908 


49.4 


Douglas 


300 


6 


1908 


47.8 


Morrow 




11 


1909 
1908 


9.0 


Lane. 


449 


18 


37.9 


Coos 


142 


11 


1908 


70.8 


Polk 


355 


11 


1907 


82.7 


Washington 


220 


17 


1906 


49.0 


Douglas 


72 


20 


1908 


79.3 


Tillamook 


575 


17 


1908 


117.6 


Curry .' 


40 


6 


1908 


88.5 


Clackamas 


3,580 


11 


1906 


89.3 


Josephine 


956 


20 


1908 


44.8 


Harney 


4,200 


10 


1899 


13.2 


Curry 


1,342 


10 


1901 


99.7 


Clackamas 


719 


10 


1908 


82.2 


Morrow 


1,950 


20 


1908 


15.5 


Hood River 


243 


24 


1907 


36.4 


Baker 


2,110 


7 


1907 


12.9 


Multnomah 


75 


12 


1899 


32.5 


Jackson 


1,640 


20 


1908 


27.2 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 



61 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 



OREGON — Continued. 



Station. 



Joseph 

Junction City 

Klamath Falls. . . 

Lafayette 

La Grande 

Lakeview 

Langlois 

Lone Rock 

McKenzie Bridge 

McMinnville 

Marshfleld 

Merlin 

Miramonte Farm 

Monmouth 

Monroe 

Mpunt Angel 

Nehalem 

Newberg 

New Bridge 

Newport 

Pendleton 

Placer 

Pompeii 

Portland 

Prineville 

Riddle 

Riverside 

Roseburg 

Salem 

Sheridan 

Silver Lake 

Silverton 

Siskiyou 

Sparta 

Springfield 

Stafford 

The Dalles 

Toledo 

Umatilla 

Vale 

Vernonia 

Wallowa 

Warmsprings 

West Fork 

Weston 

Williams 



County. 



Wallowa 

Lane 

Klamath 

Yamhill 

Union 

Lake 

Curry 

Gilliam 

Lane 

Yamhill 

Coos 

Josephine. .. 
Clackamas. . 

Polk 

Benton 

Marion 

Tillamook... 

Yamhill 

Baker 

Lincoln 

Umatilla 

Josephine. .. 
Clackamas. . 
Multnomah . 

Crook 

Douglas 

Malheur 

Douglas 

Marion 

Yamhill 

Lake 

Marion 

Jackson 

Baker 

Lane 

Clackamas . . 

Wasco 

Lincoln 

Umatilla 

Malheur 

Columbia. . . 

Wallowa 

Crook 

Douglas 

Umatilla 

Josephine . . . 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Feet. 

4,400 
353 

4,250 
182 

2,784 

4,825 
250 

3,114 

1,400 
180 
12 
934 
195 
221 
350 
485 
10 
193 

1,900 
69 

1,272 



3,580 
57 
3,000 
733 



523 
120 
207 
4,700 
255 
4,135 
4,150 
476 



112 
50 

340 
2,450 
1,238 
2,935 
1.600 
1,046 
1,800 
1,368 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended — 



1908 
1902 
1908 
1902 
1908 
1907 
1899 
1905 
1908 
1908 
1907 
1901 
1908 
1902 



1907 
1902 
1900 
1908 
1908 
1901 
1908 
1908 
1907 
1902 
1901 
1908 
1908 
1902 
1907 
1902 
1902 
1906 
1900 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1899 
1909 
1907 
1901 
1908 
1906 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 



Aberdeen 

Academy 

Alexandria 

Armour 

Ashcroft 

Bowdle 

Brookings 

Canton 

Centerville 

Chamberlain.. 

Chandler (Academy) 

Cherry Creek 

Clark 

De Smet 

Ella Point 

Farmingdale 

Faulkton 

Flandreau 

Forestburg 

Forest City 

Fort Meade 

Gannvalley 

Gary 

Grand River School . 

188 



Brown 

Charles Mix. 

Hanson 

Douglas 

Harding 

Edmunds. . . 
Brookings. . . 

Lincoln 

Turner 

Brule 

Charles Mix. 
Armstrong . . 

Clark 

Kingsbury . . 

Union 

Pennington . 

Faulk 

Moody 

Sanborn 

Potter 

Meade 

Buffalo 

Deuel 

Corson 




1,779 
1,726 
1, 127 
3,000 
1,595 
1,565 
1,231 



3,624 
1,484" 



1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1906 
1908 
1908 
1899 
1907 
1908 
1907 
1906 
1905 
1908 
1908 
1907 
1899 
1907 
1905 
1900 
1901 



62 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Table VI. — Normal 'precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to S tates— Continued. 

SOUTH DAKOTA— Continued. 



Station. 



Greenwood 

Harney 

Hartman 

Highmore 

Hotch City 

Hot Springs 

Howard 

Howell 

Huron.. '. 

Ipswich 

Kidder 

Kimball 

La Delle 

Leola 

Marion 

Melette 

Menno 

Milbank 

Mitchell 

Mound City 

Nowlin 

Oelrichs 

Parker 

Pierre 

Pine Ridge 

Plankington 

Ramsey 

Rapid City 

Red field. 

Rosebud 

St. Lawrence 

Silver City 

Sioux Falls 

Sisseton Agency 

Spearfish 

Stephan 

Tyndall 

Vermillion 

Watertown 

Waubay 

Went worth 

Wessington Springs 

White Swan 

Wolsey 

Yankton 



County. 



Charles Mix. 
Pennington. 
Minnehaha.. 

Hyde 

Lvman 

Fall River.. 

Miner 

Hand 

Beadle 

Edmunds... 

Marshall 

Brule 

Spink 

McPherson.. 

Turner 

Spink 

Hutchinson . 

Grant 

Davison 

Campbell... 

Stanley 

Fall River.. 

Turner 

Hughes 

Shannon 

Aurora 

McCook 

Pennington . 

Spink 

Meyer 

Hand 

Pennington . 
Minnehaha.. 

Roberts 

Lawrence . . . 

Hyde 

Bonhomme . 

Clay 

Codington... 

Day 

Lake 

Jerauld 

Charles Mix. 

Beadle 

Yankton 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Feet. 



5,000 
1,474 
1,890 



3,447 
1,564 



1,306 
1,530 
1,295 
1,788 
1,400 
1,587 
1,447 
1,300 
1,325 
1,148 
1,312 



3, 339 
1,348 
1,572 



1,528 
1,474 
3,251 
1,295 
2, 600 
1,580 
5,000 
1,400 



3,647 
1,840 
1,418 
1,420 
1,735 
1,813 



1,335 



1,353 
1,234 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



1908 
1898 
1901 
1908 
1905 
1900 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1907 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1905 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1901 
1898 
1908 
1900 
1908 
1901 
1908 
1905 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1901 
1903 
1908 
1904 
1908 
1908 
1906 
1908 
1908 
1901 
1908 
1899 
1898 
1907 
1908 



TEXAS. 



Abilene 

Albany 

Alvin 

Amarillo 

Arthur City. . . 

Austin 

Bal linger 

Beaumont 

Beeville 

Big Springs 

Blanco 

Boerne 

Bonham 

Booth 

Bowie 

Brazoria 

Brenham 

Brighton 

Brownsville. . . 
Brownwood . . . 

Burnet 

Childress 

Coleman 

College Station 
Colorado 

188 



Taylor 

Shackelford. 

Brazoria 

Potter 

Lamar , 

Travis 

Runnels 

Jefferson 

Bee 

Howard 

Blanco 

Kendall 

Fannin 

Fort Bend.. 
Montague.. . 

Brazoria 

Washington 

Nueces 

Cameron 

Brown 

Burnet 

Childress 

Coleman 

Brazos 

Mitchell 



1,738 


24 


1908 


24.7 


1,429 


15 


1908 


27.2 


49 


8 


1905 


52.1 


3,676 


17 


1908 


22.6 


590 


15 


1905 


36.1 


650 


23 


1908 


34.4 


1,637 


14 


1908 


25.0 


29 


12 


1908 


41.9 


225 


13 


1908 


29.6 


2,396 


7 


1908 


20.4 


1,350 


12 


1907 


29.6 


1,412 


16 


1907 


29.8 


566 


6 


1908 


47.6 


81 


8 


1908 


43.3 


1,113 


9 


1908 


27.9 


25 


18 


1908 


47.5 


350 


20 


1908 


41.5 


12 


13 


1908 


23.3 


38 


20 


1908 


27.1 


1,342 


12 


1903 


27.5 


1,295 


15 


1904 


28.3 


1,869 


15 


1907 


21.4 


1,710 


15 


1908 


27.6 


360 


19 


1907 


38.4 


2,066 


18 


1908 


22.0 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 



63 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 



TEXAS— Continued. 



Station. 



Columbia 

Corpus Christ i. . 

Corsicana 

Cuero 

Dallas 

Danevang 

Del Rio 

Dialville 

Dublin 

Duval 

Eagle Pass 

El Paso 

Estelle 

Eorestburg 

Fort Brown 

Fort Clark 

Fort Davis 

Fort Mcintosh.. 
Fort Ringgold. . 
Fort Stockton. . 

Fort Worth 

Fredericksburg. 

Gainesville 

Galveston 

Grapevine 

Georgetown 

Greenville 

Hale Center 

Halletsville 

Haskell 

Hearne 

Henrietta 

Hewitt 

Hondo City 

Houston 

Huntsville. 

Kaufman 

Kent 

Kerrville 

Kopperl 

Lampasas 

La Para 

Llano 

Longview 

Luling 

McKinney 

Menardville 

Mount Blanco.. 
Nacogdoches. . . 
New Braunfels. 

Palestine 

Panter 

Paris 

Port Lavaca 

Rhineland 

Rock Island 

Runge 

San Antonio (1) 

San Marcos 

San Saba 

Santa Gertrudes 

Sherman 

Sonora 

Sugarland 

Sulphur Springs 

Tavlor 

Temple (1) 

Texarkana 

Tulia 

Tyler 

Victoria 

Waco 

Waxahaehie 

Weatherford 

Wichita Falls. . . 



County. 



Brazoria 

Nueces 

Navarro 

Dewitt 

Dallas 

Wharton 

Valverde 

Cherokee 

Erath 

Travis 

Maverick 

El Paso 

Dallas 

Montague 

Cameron 

Kinney 

Jeff Davis.... 

Webb 

Starr 

Pecos 

Tarrant 

Gillespie 

Cooke 

Galveston — 

Tarrant 

Williamson. . 

Hunt 

Hale 

Lavaca 

Haskell 

Robertson. . . 

Clay 

McLennan. .. 

Medina 

Harris 

Walker 

Kaufman 

El Paso 

Kerr 

Bosque 

Lampasas 

Live Oak 

Llano... 

Gregg 

Caldwell 

Collin 

Menard 

Crosby 

Nacogdoches. 

Comal 

Anderson 

Hood 

Lamar 

Calhoun 

Knox 

Colorado 

Karnes 

Bexar 

Hays 

San Saba 

Nueces 

Gravson 

Sutton 

Fort Bend... 

Hopkins 

Williamson. . 

Bell 

Bowie 

Swisher 

Smith 

Victoria 

McLennan... 

I His 

Parser 

Wichita 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Feet. 
34 
20 
495 
177 
466 
145 
952 
575 
1,466 
820 
800 
3, 762 
614 



57 
1,050 
5,000 
460 
230 
3.050 
670 
1,742 



670 
750 
550 

3,000 
235 

1,553 
305 
915 
664 
901 
53 
400 
448 



1,650 
576 
1.026 



1,040 
336 
418 
612 

1,900 

2,750 
271 
720 
510 

1,000 
592 
20 



254 
308 
701 
588 
1,712 



728 
2,200 
79 
530 
583 
630 
295 
3,501 
531 
187 
424 
556 
864 
958 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1904 
1908 



1904 
1903 
1905 
1908 
1905 
1907 
1905 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 



1908 
1908 
1905 
1908 
1905 
1905 
1905 
1908 
1908 
1908 



1903 
1908 



1903 
1907 
1908 
1908 
1904 
1904 
1908 
1908 
1906 
1908 
1905 
1908 
1908 
1906 
1906 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1907 



1907 
1908 
1908 
1905 
1908 
1905 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1904 



188 



64 



DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 



UTAH. 



Station. 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



Alpine 

Aneth 

Annabelle (near). . 

Beaver 

Black Rock 

Blue Creek 

Brigham 

Camp Douglas 

Castle Dale 

Castle Rock 

Coalville 

Corinne 

Deseret 

Emery 

Escalante 

Farmington 

Fillmore 

Fort Duchesne 

Frisco 

Garrison 

Giles 

Government Creek. 
Grantville (near). . 

Grayson 

Green River 

Grover (near) 

Heber 

Henefer 

Hite 

Huntsville 

Kelton 

Levan 

Loa 

Logan 

Manti 

Marion 

Marysvale (near). . 

Meadowville 

Millville 

Minersville 

Moab 

Modena 

Morgan 

Mount Nebo 

Mount Pleasant. . . 

Nephi 

Nephi (near) 

Ogden (1) 

Ogden (2) 

Pahreah 

Park City 

Parowan 

Payson 

Pinto 

Promontory 

Provo 

Ranch 

Randolph 

Richfield 

St. George 

Salt Lake Ci'y 

Scipio 

Snowville 

Soldiers Summit... 

Terrace 

Thistle 

Tooele 

Tropic 

Vernal (near) 

Woodruff 



Utah 

San Juan . . . 

Sevier 

Beaver 

Millard 

Boxelder 

....do 

Salt Lake... 

Emery 

Summit 

....do 

Boxelder 

Millard 

Emery 

Garfield 

Davis 

Millard 

Uinta 

Beaver 

Millard 

Wayne 

Tooele 

do 

San Juan . . . 

Emery 

Wayne 

Wasatch 

Summit 

Garfield 

Weber 

Boxelder 

Juab 

Wayne 

Cache 

Sanpete. 

Summit 

Piute 

Rich 

Cache 

Beaver 

Grand 

Iroh 

Morgan 

Utah 

Sanpete 

Juab 

....do 

Weber 

....do 

Kane 

Summit 

Iron 

Utah 

Washington. 

Boxelder 

Utah 

Kane 

Rich 

Sevier 

Washington. 
Salt Lake. . . 

Millard 

Boxelder 

Utah 

Boxelder 

Utah 

Tooele 

Garfield 

Uinta 

Rich 



Feet. 
4,900 
4,800 
5,250 
6,000 
4,872 
4,387 
4,379 
4,800 
5, 500 
6,244 
5>630 
4,240 
4,541 
6,260 
5,700 
4,267 
5,100 
5, 000 
7,318 



4,000 
5,277 



5,750 
4,080 
5, 800 
5,606 
5,301 
3,000 
5, 100 
4,230 
5,010 
7,000 
4,507 
5,575 
6,750 
6,180 
6,200 
4,848 
5,070 
4,000 
5, 479 
5,080 
4,650 
5,859 
6,059 



4,310 
4,310 
4,000 
7,800 
5,970 
4,637 
5,907 



4,532 
6,700 
6,442 
5,350 
2,880 
4,366 
5,260 
4,360 
7,474 
4,550 
5,075 
4,900 
7,000 
5,050 
6,500 



1905 
1905 
1909 
1909 
1904 
1903 
1899 
1890 
1909 



1909 
1909 
1908 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1905 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1908 
1903 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1907 
1909 
1907 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1904 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1908 
1899 
1901 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1890 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1908 
1909 
1909 
1908 
1904 
1903 



1909 
1907 



188 



NORMAL PRECIPITATION OF THE WESTERN STATES. 



65 



Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 



WASHINGTON. 



Station. 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



Aberdeen 

Anacortes 

Ashford 

Bellingham 

Blaine 

Bremerton 

Brinnon 

Cedonia 

Centralia 

Cheney 

Clearwater 

Cle Elum 

Colfax 

Colville 

Conconully 

Coupeville 

Crescent 

Cusick 

Dayton 

East Sound : 

Ellensburg 

Fort Canby 

Fort Simcoe 

Fort Spokane , 

Grand Mound 

Granite Falls 

Hooper 

Hunters 

Kennewick 

La Center 

Lakeside 

Lapush 

Lind 

Loomis 

Lyle 

Madrone 

Mayfield 

Mottingers Ranch 

Mount Pleasant 

Moxee (North Yakima) 

Neah Bay 

North Head 

North Port 

Olga 

Olympia 

Pasco 

Pomeroy 

Port Crescent 

Port Townsend 

Pullman (Agricultural College). 

Republic 

Ritzville 

Rosalia ' 

Seattle 

Sedro-Woolley 

Silvana 

Snohomish 

Snoqualmie Falls 

South Bend 

South Ellensburg 

Spokane 

Sprague 

Sunnyside 

Tacoma 

Tatoosh 

Twin 

Union City 

Vancouver 

Vashon Island 

Walla Walla 

Waterville 

Wenatchee (near) 

Whatcom 

Wilbur 



Chehalis 

Skagit 

Pierce. 
Whatcom.. 

do 

Kitsap 

Jefferson . . . 

Stevens 

Lewis 

Spokane. . . 
Jefferson. . . 

Kittitas 

Whitman. . 

Stevens 

Okanogan. . 

Island 

Lincoln 

Stevens . . . 
Columbia. . 
San Juan. . 

Kittitas 

Pacific 

Yakima 

Lincoln 

Thurston. . 
Snohomish. 
Whitman. . 

Stevens 

Benton 

Clarke 

Chelan 

Clallam 

Adams 

Okanogan. . 
Klickitat. . . 

Kitsap 

Lewis 

Benton 

Skamania. . 

Yakima 

Clallam 

Pacific. 

Stevens 

San Juan. . 
Thurston. . 
Franklin. . . 
Garfield. . . . 

Clallam 

Jefferson. .. 
Whitman. . 

Ferry 

Adams 

Whitman. . 

King 

Skagit 

Snohomish. 

....do 

King 

Pacific 

Kittitas 

Spokane. . . 

Lincoln 

Yakima 

Pierce 

Clallam 

do 

Mason 

Clarke 

King 

Wallawalla . 

Douglas 

Chelan 

Whatcom. . 
Lincoln 



Feet. 
162 
60 
1,775 
60 
53 



80 
3,000 

212 
2,351 

135 
1,930 
2,300 
1,635 
2,300 

150 
2,250 
2,050 
1,700 

500 
1,571 

179 



,400 
162 
397 



367 
250 
1,116 
15 
1,700 
1,200 
600 
75 
300 
307 
650 
1,000 
50 
211 
1,950 
50 
200 
360 
1,500 
259 
80 
2,550 
2,628 
1,825 
2,375 
123 
38 
35 
50 
667 
16 
1,570 
1,943 
1,908 
764 
213 



10 
100 
110 
1,000 
2,624 
1,169 
60 
2,203 



1907 
1908 
1906 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1906 
1905 
1908 
1908 
1907 
1908 



1908 
1907 
1905 



1908 
1898 
1898 
1898 
1903 
1905 
1903 
1898 
1906 
1908 
1908 
1898 
1905 
1905 
1907 
1898 
1902 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1901 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1901 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1908 
1909 
1907 
1908 
1908 
1903 
1907 
1908 
1908 
1904 
1908 
1904 
1906 
1908 
1908 
1900 
1906 
1908 



1907 
1908 
1903 
1908 



52102°— Bui. 188—10 5 



66 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 

Table VI. — Normal precipitation of stations in the western United States grouped 
according to States — Continued. 

WYOMING. 



Station. 



County. 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Number 
of years 
recorded. 



Record 
ended— 



Afton 

Alcova 

Barnum 

Basin 

Bedford 

Border 

Buffalo 

Centennial 

Cheyenne 

Chugwater 

Clark 

Daniel 

Elk Mountain 

Evans ton 

Fort Laramie 

Fort Washakie 

Fourbear 

Granite Canon 

Granite Springs Reservation. 

Green River 

Griggs 

Iron Mountain 

Kaycee 

Kirtley 

Lander 

Laramie 

Leo 

Lolabama Ranch 

Lusk 

Moorcroft 

Moore 

Pathfinder 

Phillips 

Pine Bluff 

Rawlins 

Rock Springs 



Sheridan (1) 

Sheridan (2) 

Soldiers' Home... 
South Pass City. . 

Thayne 

Thermopolis 

Wells 

Wheatland 

Yellowstone Park. 



Uinta 

Natrona. . 
Johnson . 
Big Horn. 

Uinta 

do ... 

Johnson. . 
Albany. . , 
Laramie. . 
do.... 



Park 

Uinta 

Carbon 

Uinta 

Laramie 

Fremont. . . 
Big Horn. . . 

Laramie 

do 

Sweetwater. 

Johnson 

Laramie 

Johnson 

Converse. . . 
Fremont.. . 

Albany 

Carbon 

Park 

Converse 

Crook 

Albany 

Natrona 

Laramie 

....do 



Carbon 

Sweetwater. . . 

Carbon 

Sheridan 

do 

Johnson 

Fremont 

Uinta 

Fremont 

Uinta 

Laramie 

National Park. 



Feet. 
6,200 
5,366 
5,500 
3,862 
5,906 
6,085 
4,635 
8,700 
6,088 
5,282 
4,320 
6,740 



6,860 
4, 270 
5,462 
6,500 
7,373 



6,083 
4,700 
6,605 



5,372 
7,188 
6,878 
7,052 
5,007 
4,211 
6,000 
5,735 
4,900 
5,038 
6, 744 
6,500 
7,300 
3,790 
3,738 
4,635 
7,873 
5,900 
4,700 
7,785 
4,741 
6,200 



1906 
1904 
1907 
1909 
1907 
1909 
1907 
1902 
1909 
1909 
1907 
1909 
1907 
1909 
1909 
1905 
1903 
1907 
1907 
1907 
1907 
1902 
1908 
1907 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1906 
1909 
1907 
1907 
1909 
1908 
1908 
1907 
1902 
1907 
1909 
1909 
1909 
1905 
1905 
1903 
1906 
1906 
1909 



188 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Akron, Colo., evaporation 18 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 26, 29 

Amarillo, Tex., evaporation 19 

rainfall 12,26,29-30 

relation to yield of wheat 26, 29-30 

Arid regions. See Regions, dry-farming. 

Arizona, evaporation table 18 

rainfall map. 33 

table. . . ........ ........ ................... 46 

Bellefourche, S. Dak., evaporation 19 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat. . 26, 28 

Belz, J. 0., on run-off during torrential rains . . 15-16 

Bismarck, N. Dak., monthly rainfall. 12 

Boise, Idaho, monthly rainfall 12 

Boston, Mass., evaporation . . 18 

Calexico, Cal., evaporation . 18 

California, evaporation table H 18 

rainfall map , . 34 

table.... 47-51 

Carlsbad, N. Mex., evaporation 18 

Chilcott, E. C, on cultural methods and crop rotations 25 

Cleveland, Ohio, evaporation , 19 

Colorado, evaporation table 18 

rainfall map 35 

table 51-52 

Columbia Basin, rainfall, necessity for wheat production 24-25 

Cooper, T. P., and Parker, E. C, on cost of wheat growing in Minnesota 24 

Corinne, Utah, evaporation 19 

Corn, yield, relation of rainfall in Texas 30-31 

Cotton, yield, relation of rainfall in Texas 30-31 

Crop rotation. See Rotation, 
yield. See Yield. 

Cropping, alternate, and summer tillage, highest development of dry farming. . 8 
Cultivation methods. See Methods, cultural. 
Cultural methods. See Methods, cultural. 

Dalhart, Tex., evaporation 19 

rainfall 15,26,29 

relation to yield of wheat 26,29 

run-off 15 

Dalles, Oreg., monthly rainfall 12 

Detroit, Mich., evaporation 18 

Dickinson, N. Dak., evaporation 18 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 26, 27 

Dry farming. See Farming, dry. 

.188 67 



68 DEY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Dry-land farming. See Farming, dry. Page. 

Edgeley, N. Dak., evaporation 18 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 26, 27 

Ella, Oreg., relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 25 

Evaporation, dry-farming sections, studies and experiments. 16-22 

influence of amount on effectiveness of rainfall in Great Plains... 21-22 

method of measuring 17-18 

native grass as index 20 

relation to agriculture 16-22 

tank and soil surface, comparison 19-20 

various points in United States, table 18-19 

various parts of United States, chart 17 

Fallon, Nev., evaporation 18 

Farm practice. See Practice, farm. 

Farming, dry, danger from hailstorms 1 16 

experiments, location, map 16-17 

See also Methods, cultural, and Regions, dry-farming. 

Fort Collins, Colo., evaporation 18 

Fort Douglas, Utah, evaporation . 19 

Garden City, Kans., evaporation 18 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 26, 29 

Grace Brothers o"n cost of wheat growing in Utah 24 

Grand Valley, Colo., evaporation 18 

Grass, native, distribution, index of moisture requirements 20 

Great Basin, farm practices 8, 13-14 

rainfall 8,24 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 23-24 

Great Plains, farm practices 8, 13-14 

rainfall 8,12-13,30 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 21-22, 25-30 

Hailstorms, menace to dry-land farming 16 

Hays, Kans., evaporation 18 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 26, 29 

Highmore, S. Dak., evaporation 19 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 26, 27, 28 

Hunter, Byron, on farm practice and wheat yield 25 

Idaho, rainfall map 36 

table 52-53 

Intermountain district, rainfall, comparison with other regions 12-13 

Introduction to bulletin 7-8 

Iron County, Utah, relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 23-24 

Jardine, W. M., on dry-farming experiments in Utah 23 

Juab County, Utah, relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 23-24 

Judith Basin, Mont., evaporation 18 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 26, 27 

Kansas, evaporation table 18 

rainfall map 37 

table 1 53-54 

Kingsburg Bridge, Cal., evaporation 18 

Lake Tahoe, Cal., evaporation 18 

Lakeport, Cal., evaporation 18 

Laramie, Wyo., evaporation 19 

Las Cruces, N. Mex., evaporation 18 

Lincoln, Nebr., evaporation 18 

188 



INDEX. 69 

Lofthouse wheat. See Wheat. Page. 

Logan, Utah, evaporation ' 19 

Los Angeles, Cal., monthly rainfall 12 

Massachusetts, evaporation table 18 

Merrill, L. A., on dry farming in Utah 14, 24 

Methods, cultural, adaptability to Great Plains, experiments 25-30 

comparison of Great Basin and Great Plains . 13-14 

definition • 8 

effect on run-off during torrential rains 15-16 

Michigan, evaporation table 18 

Milwaukee, Wis., evaporation 19 

Minnesota, wheat production, cost per acre 24 

Monroe, Mich., evaporation 18 

Montana, evaporation table 18 

rainfall map 37 

table 54-55 

Morrow County, Oreg., relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 25 

Mountains, effect on local rainfall . 9 

Mulch, establishment, necessity for evaporation 20 

packing during torrential rains 14-15, 16 

soil, maintenance, difficulty and expense in Great Plains 14 

Nebraska, evaporation table 18 

rainfall map 38 

table 55-57 

Nephi, Utah, evaporation 19 

run-off during torrential rains 15 

Nevada, evaporation table 18 

rainfall map 38 

table.. -.. , 57 

New Brunswick, N. J., evaporation 18 

New Jersey, evaporation table 18 

New Mexico, evaporation table 18 

rainfall map 39 

table 58 

New York, evaporation table 18 

Normal precipitation. See Rainfall. 

North Dakota, evaporation table 18 

rainfall map 40 

table 58-59 

North Platte, Nebr., evaporation 18 

rainfall 12,15,26,28 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 26, 28 

Oats, yield, comparison of tillage methods 30-31 

Ogden, Utah., monthly rainfall 12 

Ohio, evaporation table 19 

Oklahoma, rainfall map 40 

table 59-60 

Oregon, rainfall 25, 41, 60-61 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat . 25 

Pacific, coast district, rainfall, comparison with other regions 12-13 

Parker, E. C, and Cooper, T. P., on cost of wheat growing in Minnesota 24 

Parowan, Utah, monthly rainfall 12 

Pasco, Wash., relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 25 

188 



70 DRY FARMING IN RELATION TO RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. 



Page. 

Pomona, Cal., evaporation.. 18 

Practice, farm, Great Plains and Great Basin, comparison 13-14 

Precipitation. See Rainfall. 

Prosser, Wash., evaporation 19 

Rainfall, annual, dry-farming region, distribution 10-12 

basis for classification of dry-farming regions 8 

character, relation to its usefulness 14-15, 15-16 

equivalent, for various sections of Great Plains 21-22 

Great Plains, relation to crop yield 25-30 

light, uselessness for storing water 14-15 

local variations, necessity for many stations 9 

minimum, relation to crop yield 24-25, 30-32 

monthly distribution 12-14 

native grass as index " 20 

normal, importance of knowing 8-9 

Western States, state maps and tables 32-66 

relation to yield of crops ; 23-32 

seasonal 24, 30 

torrential, loss through run-off 15-16 

Western States, state maps and tables 32-66 

Rains. See Rainfall. 

Regions, dry-farming, rainfall, classification 8, 10-12 

relation to yield of wheat 23-32 

Reno, Nev., evaporation 18 

Rochester, N. Y., evaporation 18 

Rocky Ford, Colo., evaporation 18 

Rotation, adaptability to Great Plains, experiments 25-30 

Sacramento, Cal., monthly rainfall 4 12 

San Antonio, Tex., evaporation 19 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 30-32 

San Juan County, Utah, relation of rainfall to yield of wheat. r ; 23-24 

Scofield, C. S., on dry farming , 14 

Sevier County, Utah, relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 23-24 

Shantz, H. L., on native grass as index of moisture requirements. 20 

Sorghum, yield, relation of rainfall in Texas 30-31 

South Dakota, evaporation table 19 

rainfall map 41 

table 61-62 

Stevens Point, Wis., evaporation 19 

Sweetwater, Cal., evaporation 18 

Texas, crop yield, tillage comparisons 31-32 

evaporation table 19 

rainfall map 42-43 

table , 62-63 

relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 30-31 

Thunder Bay, Mich., evaporation 18 

Tillage, summer, and alternate cropping, highest development of dry farming. . 8 

experiments in Texas ." 31-32 

unpopularity of method in Great Plains 14 

use of system in Columbia Basin 25 

Tooele County, Utah, relation of .yield to rainfall 23-24 

Tucson, Ariz., evaporation 18 

188 



INDEX. 71 

Page. 

Tulare, Cal., evaporation 18 

Utah, evaporation table 19 

rainfall, annual 8 

map 44 

relation to yield of wheat 23-24 

table 64 

run-off during torrential rains, experiments 15-16 

Washington County, relation of rainfall to yield of wheat 23-24 

wheat production, cost per acre 24 

Washington, evaporation table 19 

rainfall map 45 

table 65 

Wheat, winter, adaptability to Great Basin 13-14 

yield and cost per acre 23-24 

relation of rainfall 23-24, 25, 26-30 

Widtsoe, J. A., on farming in Utah 14 

Wllliston, N. Dak., evaporation 18 

Wisconsin, evaporation table 19 

Wyoming, evaporation table 19 

rainfall map 45 

table 66 

Yield, relation of rainfall in arid regions 23-32 

Columbia Basin 24-25 

Great Basin 23-24 

Great Plains 21-22 

tillage comparisons 31-32 

Yuma, Ariz., evaporation 18 

188 



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